Involució de la condició física per l'envelliment

El percentatge de població de gent gran s’està incrementant a Espanya. L’envelliment produeix una involució de les capacitats físiques, la qual cosa origina un deteriorament de l’estat físic i una reducció de la funcionalitat. Aquests fets condicionen greus problemes de salut pública per l’aparició de malalties degeneratives, amb el consegüent cost econòmic per al seu tractament. A mesura que l’edat avança es produeix una pèrdua de força de cames i força de braços, un descens no constant del VO2màx i una reducció progressiva no lineal i específica per articulació i moviment articular de la flexibilitat. A més, en persones grans els trastorns freqüents d’equilibri alteren el patró de la marxa. I finalment es produeixen modificacions substancials de la composició corporal amb disminució de la massa lliure de greix, fet que condiciona un descens de la despesa energètica en repòs i un increment de la massa greix

Involución de la condición física por el envejecimiento

El porcentaje de población mayor se está incrementando en España. El envejecimiento produce una involución de las capacidades físicas, lo que origina un deterioro del estado físico y una reducción de la funcionalidad. Estos hechos condicionan graves problemas de salud pública por la aparición de enfermedades degenerativas con el consiguiente coste económico para su tratamiento. Conforme avanza la edad se produce una pérdida de fuerza de piernas y fuerza de brazos, un descenso no constante del VO2máx y una reducción progresiva no lineal y específica por articulación y movimiento articular de la flexibilidad. Además, en personas mayores los frecuentes trastornos de equilibrio alteran el patrón de la marcha. Y por último se producen modificaciones sustanciales de la composición corporal con disminución de la masa libre de grasa, lo que condiciona un descenso del gasto energético en reposo y el incremento de la masa grasa

Análisis y propuestas de actuación sobre la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en los grados de las áreas de ciencias sociales y jurídicas y ciencias de la salud de la Universidad de Sevilla

El contexto social actual hace evidente la necesidad de incluir la perspectiva de género en los planes de estudio de las universidades españolas, desde las titulaciones hasta los currículos de las materias a impartir. En este contexto enmarcamos nuestra investigación, cuyo objetivo es detectar y analizar la existencia/presencia de la perspectiva de género en las memorias de verificación de dos titulaciones de grado de las áreas de conocimiento de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas (Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte) y de Ciencias de la Salud (Grado en Farmacia) que existen en la Universidad de Sevilla. Además se realiza un estudio complementario de cuatro guías docentes del primer curso de cada uno de los grados estudiados. La metodología utilizada ha sido cualitativa, teniendo como técnica de investigación el análisis de contenido asistido por Atlas-ti 5.0. Los resultados muestran como en las memorias de grado de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte y Farmacia, así como en las guías docentes analizadas existe un uso mayoritario del lenguaje en masculino. Se observa la presencia de competencias docentes en materia de igualdad de género en ambas memorias de grado, pero no en las guías docentes. Por último, resaltar que no existe un desglose estadístico explícito de los datos por sexo en ninguna de las memorias de grado

Role of physical activity and health- related fitness on self-confidence and interpersonal relations in 14-year-old adolescents from secondary school settings: DADOS study

Background: The effect of physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) on self-confidence and interpersonal relations in adolescents is uncertain. Aim: To analyzed the associations of PA and PF with self-confidence and interpersonal relations in adolescents. Sample: A total of 268 (138 boys) adolescents (13.9 ± 0.3 years) from the DADOS study were included in the analysis. Methods: PA was evaluated using GENEActiv accelerometers and the health-related PF components by the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery. The levels of self-confidence and interpersonal relations were determined by the Behavior Assessment System for Children Level 3. Results: The associations of PA levels and PF components with self-confidence reported positive associations of moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA), standing long jump, and 20-m shuttle run (shuttle run test) tests (all p < 0.05), and negative association of 4 × 10-m shuttle run test (4 × 10-m test), but only the 4 × 10-m test remained significant in the adjusted model for the whole sample and only in boys (p ≤ 0.01) when analyzed by sex. Regarding interpersonal relations, positive associations of standing long jump and shuttle run test (all p < 0.05), and negative association of 4 × 10-m test were found in all the adolescents. The shuttle run test was associated with interpersonal relations in boys independently of confounders. PA levels were not associated with interpersonal relations. Conclusion: A higher level of lower-limb muscle strength, speed-agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness might improve self-confidence and interpersonal relations in adolescents, but these relationships seem to be influenced by sex, body mass index, and pubertal status. Speed-agility and cardiorespiratory fitness seem to have a stronger impact on boys. MVPA may improve self-confidence in adolescents

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ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effects of a 3-month multidisciplinary intervention on pain (primary outcome), body composition and physical fi tness (secondary outcomes) in women with fi bromyalgia (FM). Methods 75 women with FM were allocated to a low-moderate intensity 3-month (three times/week) multidisciplinary (pool, land-based and psychological sessions) programme (n=33) or to a usual care group (n=32). The outcome variables were pain threshold, body composition (body mass index and estimated body fat percentage) and physical fi tness (30 s chair stand, handgrip strength, chair sit and reach, back scratch, blind fl amingo, 8 feet up and go and 6 min walk test). Results The authors observed a signifi cant interaction effect (group*time) for the left (L) and right (R) side of the anterior cervical (p&lt;0.001) and the lateral epicondyle R (p=0.001) tender point. Post hoc analysis revealed that pain threshold increased in the intervention group (positive) in the anterior cervical R (p&lt;0.001) and L (p=0.012), and in the lateral epicondyle R (p=0.010), whereas it decreased (negative) in the anterior cervical R (p&lt;0.001) and L (p=0.002) in the usual care group. There was also a signifi cant interaction effect for chair sit and reach. Post hoc analysis revealed improvement in the intervention group (p=0.002). No signifi cant improvement attributed to the training was observed in the rest of physical fi tness or body composition variables. Conclusions A 3-month multidisciplinary intervention three times/week had a positive effect on pain threshold in several tender points in women with FM. Though no overall improvements were observed in physical fi tness or body composition, the intervention had positive effects on lower-body fl exibility

Health benefits of physical activity in older people

Debido a que el número de personas mayores en España se incrementa y que ha sido altamente contrastado que el envejecimiento activo es clave para conseguir una población mayor sana, la promoción de ejercicio físico regular es una de las principales estrategias no farmacológicas con la que cuentan las instituciones. El ejercicio físico regular y adaptado para mayores está asociado con un menor riesgo de mortalidad. Principalmente como consecuencia de un efecto protector cardiovascular y de síndrome metabólico, disminuye el riesgo de sufrir un infarto de miocardio y de desarrollar diabetes tipo II. Sumado a esto, el ejercicio regular se ha mostrado eficaz en la prevención de ciertos tipos de cáncer, incrementa la densidad mineral ósea, reduce el riesgo de caídas, disminuye el dolor osteoarticular (frecuente en la población mayor) y mejora la función cognitiva, reduciendo el riesgo de padecer demencia y Alzheimer. Además, los beneficios psicosociales del ejercicio adquieren especial protagonismo, combatiendo el aislamiento, la depresión y la ansiedad y favoreciendo la autoestima y cohesión social.As the number of elderly persons in Spain increases, the promotion of regular exercise is one of the main non-pharmaceutical measures proposed to older subjects by institutions. Moderate but regular adapted physical activity is related to a reduction of mortality among older people, with regard to the positive effect on primary prevention of coronary heart disease and the type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the regular adapted physical activity appeared relevant to prevent falls and to increase bone density. Furthermore, osteoarticular pain (common in old people) is lower after decades of regular aerobic exercise. Moreover, several longitudinal studies have suggested that physical activity improved cognitive function and was linked to a reduced risk of developing senile dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. According to all these results, the role of exercise in the fight against depression and anxiety in older people is considered as similar to the effects of the traditional pharmacology treatment

Effectiveness of a Tai-Chi Training and Detraining on Functional Capacity, Symptomatology and Psychological Outcomes in Women with Fibromyalgia

Background. The purpose was to analyze the effects of Tai-Chi training in women with fibromyalgia (FM). Methods. Thirty-two women with FM (mean age, 51.4 ± 6.8 years) attended to Tai-Chi intervention 3 sessions weekly for 28 weeks. The outcome measures were: tenderness, body composition, functional capacity and psychological outcomes (Fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ), Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36)). Results. Patients showed improvements on pain threshold, total number of tender points and algometer score (all P < 0.001). The intervention was effective on 6-min walk (P = 0.006), back scratch (P = 0.002), handgrip strength (P = 0.006), chair stand, chair sit & reach, 8 feet up & go and blind flamingo tests (all P < 0.001). Tai-Chi group improved the FIQ total score (P < 0.001) and six subscales: stiffness (P = 0.005), pain, fatigue, morning tiredness, anxiety, and depression (all P < 0.001). The intervention was also effective in six SF-36 subscales: bodily pain (P = 0.003), vitality (P = 0.018), physical functioning, physical role, general health, and mental health (all P < 0.001). Conclusions. A 28-week Tai-Chi intervention showed improvements on pain, functional capacity, symptomatology and psychological outcomes in female FM patients

Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Health in Children and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study

Self-rated health (SRH) is an independent determinant for all-cause mortality. We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of components of physical fitness with SRH at baseline (cross-sectional) and two years later (longitudinal) in children and adolescents. Spanish youth (N = 1378) aged 8 to 17.9 years participated at baseline. The dropout rate at 2-year follow-up was 19.5% (n = 270). Participants were categorized as either children (8 to 11.9 years age) or adolescents (12 to 17.9 years age). The ALPHA health- related fitness test battery for youth was used to assess physical fitness, and SRH was measured by a single-item question. Cumulative link, ANOVA and ANCOVA models were fitted to analyze the data. Cardiorespiratory fitness, relative upper body isometric muscular strength, muscular strength score, and global physical fitness were positively associated with SRH in children (OR, 1.048; 95% CI, 1.020-1.076; OR, 18.921; 95% CI, 3.47-104.355; OR, 1.213; 95% CI, 1.117-1.319, and OR, 1.170; 95% CI, 1.081-1.266, respectively; all p < 0.001) and adolescents (OR, 1.057; 95% CI, 1.037-1.076; OR, 5.707; 95% CI, 1.122-29.205; OR, 1.169; 95% CI, 1.070-1.278, and OR, 1.154 95% CI, 1.100-1.210, respectively; all p < 0.001); and motor fitness was positively associated with SRH only in adolescents at baseline (OR, 1.192; 95% CI, 1.066-1.309; p < 0.01). Cardiorespiratory fitness and global physical fitness were positively associated with SRH in children two years later (OR, 1.056; 95% CI, 1.023-1.091; p < 0.001; and OR, 1.082; 95% CI, 1.031-1.136; p < 0.01; respectively). Only cardiorespiratory fitness was independently associated with SRH in children and adolescents at baseline (OR, 1.059; 95% CI, 1.029-1.090; and OR, 1.073; 95% CI, 1.050-1.097, respectively; both p < 0.001) and two years later (OR, 1.075; 95% CI, 1.040-1.112; p < 0.001; and OR, 1.043; 95% CI, 1.014-1.074; p < 0.01, respectively). A high level of cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline or maintaining high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness from the baseline to 2-year follow-up were associated with a higher level of SRH at 2-year follow-up in children (p < 0.01) and adolescents (p < 0.05). These findings emphasize the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness as strong predictor of present and future SRH in youth. Intervention programs to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness level of the youth population are urgently needed for present and future youth's health