La observación de la brecha salarial de género ajustada. En busca de la discriminación directa en España

Investigamos la brecha de género oculta, la desigualdad salarial inexplicable que podría relacionarse con la discriminación directa. Se estima un Modelo Lineal General combinando las variables de la Encuesta Española de Estructura Salarial de 2018 para construir tipologías con máxima brecha salarial. Construimos una matriz con todas las combinaciones de variables explicativas incluido el sexo (>3 millones de filas). Predecimos el salario con el modelo y calculamos la brecha salarial entre filas cuya única diferencia es el sexo. Ordenamos filas seleccionando aquellas con la máxima brecha salarial (≥ percentil 99) para identificar tipologías. Ajustamos así el cálculo de la brecha oculta (13,1%) e identificamos los tipos de ocupación donde se da mayoritariamente (puestos de trabajo fijos en empresas de 1 a 49 trabajadores del sector industrial del Noroeste de España). Adicionalmente, observamos las características de las mujeres que más la padecen (mujeres ≥ 50 años con educación media y alta)

Combining Genetic and Transcriptomic Approaches to Identify Transporter-Coding Genes as Likely Responsible for a Repeatable Salt Tolerance QTL in Citrus

The excessive accumulation of chloride (Cl−) in leaves due to salinity is frequently related to decreased yield in citrus. Two salt tolerance experiments to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for leaf concentrations of Cl−, Na+, and other traits using the same reference progeny derived from the salt-tolerant Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni) and the disease-resistant donor Poncirus trifoliata were performed with the aim to identify repeatable QTLs that regulate leaf Cl− (and/or Na+) exclusion across independent experiments in citrus, as well as potential candidate genes involved. A repeatable QTL controlling leaf Cl− was detected in chromosome 6 (LCl-6), where 23 potential candidate genes coding for transporters were identified using the C. clementina genome as reference. Transcriptomic analysis revealed two important candidate genes coding for a member of the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF5.9) and a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) protein. Cell wall biosynthesis- and secondary metabolism-related processes appeared to play a significant role in differential gene expression in LCl-6. Six likely gene candidates were mapped in LCl-6, showing conserved synteny in C. reshni. In conclusion, markers to select beneficial Cleopatra mandarin alleles of likely candidate genes in LCl-6 to improve salt tolerance in citrus rootstock breeding programs are provided

Genetic analysis of apomixis in Citrus and Poncirus by molecular markers

Propagation of citrus rootstocks depends upon the production of clonal plants from nucellar seedlings. This makes apomixis one of the host important traits in breeding programs for citrus rootstocks. The genetic control of apomixis was studied in a 50-tree progeny derived from the cross C. volkamerianaxP. trifoliata using 69 molecular markers and bulked segregant analysis. The proportion of nucellar seedlings was estimated by isoenzymatic analysis of 25 seedlings per tree for 2 consecutive years. The type of embryony (polyembryonic versus monoembryonic seeds) was also determined for fruit-yielding trees. Separate genetic maps for each parental species were developed. The integration and comparison of these maps could be accomplished using common multiallelic segregant loci. Differences in gene synteny between the two species-specific genetic maps were shown. Important distortions in the segregation of markers at several genomic regions, some of them also involving differences in the C-methylation pattern, have been observed, especially for the pollen parent. Analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) revealed the presence of six genomic positions (two in P. trifoliata and four in C. volkameriana) contributing individually up to 24% of the total variation for apomixis. Within the same species, QTLs with positive and negative allele effects were present, even in the same linkage group. One of the markers associated to apomixis (Apo2) is also associated to embryony type. Therefore, the genetic control of apomictic reproduction found in citrus (nucellar embryony) is quite complex compared to what has been reported for gametophytic apomixis. Molecular markers linked to QTLs governing apomixis will be useful to assist selection of future apomictic rootstocks for citrus varieties

ACTA HORTICULTURAE

Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) has caused the death of millions of trees grafted on sour orange (C. aurantium). However, this rootstock is very well adapted to the Mediterranean, semi-arid conditions. A progeny of 104 citradias derived from the cross between C aurantium and Poncirus trifoliata was used to genetically analyse their interaction with CTV. The hybrids were grafted onto healthy sweet orange rootstocks. Three months later, each rootstock was graft inoculated with two patches of infected tissue (isolate T-346). CTV was detected by tissue blot immuno-assay in hybrids and infected patches for two to four years after inoculation. Additionally, CTV multiplication was evaluated every year as the optical density of double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay reactions. A linkage map of P. trifoliata based on 63 markers, and another of C. aurantium based on 157 markers, were used. Most molecular markers were microsatellites and IRAPs. Some analogues of resistance and expressed sequences were also included for candidate gene analysis. Resistance against CTV was analysed as a quantitative trait (CTV accumulation) by QTL analysis to avoid the assumption of monogenic control. Three major resistance QTLs were detected where Ctv-R had been located previously in other progenies. Five minor QTLs were detected (Ctv-A(1) to Ctv-A(5)). Three significant epistatic interactions involving Ctv-R, and Ctv-A(1) were also found. An analogue of resistance is a candidate for Ctv-A(3) and two expressed sequences are candidates for Ctv-A(1) and Ctv-A(5)

QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI AND CANDIDATE GENE ANALYSIS OF CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS-CITRADIA INTERACTION

Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) has caused the death of millions of trees grafted on sour orange (C. aurantium). However, this rootstock is very well adapted to the Mediterranean, semi-arid conditions. A progeny of 104 citradias derived from the cross between C aurantium and Poncirus trifoliata was used to genetically analyse their interaction with CTV. The hybrids were grafted onto healthy sweet orange rootstocks. Three months later, each rootstock was graft inoculated with two patches of infected tissue (isolate T-346). CTV was detected by tissue blot immuno-assay in hybrids and infected patches for two to four years after inoculation. Additionally, CTV multiplication was evaluated every year as the optical density of double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay reactions. A linkage map of P. trifoliata based on 63 markers, and another of C. aurantium based on 157 markers, were used. Most molecular markers were microsatellites and IRAPs. Some analogues of resistance and expressed sequences were also included for candidate gene analysis. Resistance against CTV was analysed as a quantitative trait (CTV accumulation) by QTL analysis to avoid the assumption of monogenic control. Three major resistance QTLs were detected where Ctv-R had been located previously in other progenies. Five minor QTLs were detected (Ctv-A(1) to Ctv-A(5)). Three significant epistatic interactions involving Ctv-R, and Ctv-A(1) were also found. An analogue of resistance is a candidate for Ctv-A(3) and two expressed sequences are candidates for Ctv-A(1) and Ctv-A(5)

Lung function and radiological findings 1 year after COVID-19: a prospective follow-up.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has already affected more than 400 million people, with increasing numbers of survivors. These data indicate that a myriad of people may be affected by pulmonary sequelae of the infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate pulmonary sequelae in patients with bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia according to severity 1 year after hospital discharge. COVID-FIBROTIC is a multicenter prospective observational cohort study for admitted patients with bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia. Pulmonary functional outcomes and chest computed tomography sequelae were analyzed 12 months after hospital discharge and we classified patients into three groups according to severity. A post hoc analysis model was designed to establish how functional test changed between groups and over time. A multivariable logistic regression model was created to study prognostic factors for lung diffusion impairment and radiological fibrotic-like changes at 12 months. Among 488 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, 284 patients had completed the entire evaluation at 12 months. Median age was 60.5 ± 11.9 and 55.3% were men. We found between-group differences in male sex, length of hospital stay, radiological involvement and inflammatory laboratory parameters. The functional evaluation of pulmonary sequelae showed that severe patients had statistically worse levels of lung diffusion at 2 months but no between group differences were found in subsequent controls. At 12-month follow up, however, we found impaired lung diffusion in 39.8% unrelated to severity. Radiological fibrotic-like changes at 12 months were reported in 22.7% of patients (102/448), only associated with radiological involvement at admission (OR: 1.55, 95% CI 1.06-2.38; p = 0.02) and LDH (OR: 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-0.99; p = 0.046). Our data suggest that a significant percentage of individuals would develop pulmonary sequelae after COVID 19 pneumonia, regardless of severity of the acute process. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT04409275 (June 1, 2020)

Additional file 1 of Lung function and radiological findings 1 year after COVID-19: a prospective follow-up

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Interaction plot severity and time in 6MWT based on linear mixed model post-hoc analysis. V1 (2 months), V2 (6 months) and V3 (12 months). Group 1: mild; group 2: moderate; group 3: severe. No between-group differences were found at any time. 6MWT = 6 min walk test