Vine copula modeling dependence among cyber risks: A dangerous regulatory paradox

Dependence among different cyber risk classes is a fundamentally underexplored topic in the literature. However, disregarding the dependence structure in cyber risk management leads to inconsistent estimates of potential unintended losses. To bridge this gap, this article adopts a regulatory perspective to develop vine copulas to capture dependence. In quantifying the solvency capital requirement gradient for cyber risk measurement according to Solvency II, a dangerous paradox emerges: an insurance company does not tend to provide cyber risk hedging products as they are excessively expensive and would require huge premiums that it would not be possible to find policyholders

Evolution of a single incised valley related to inherited geology, sea level rise and climate changes during the Holocene (Tirso river, Sardinia, western Mediterranean Sea)

We performed a morpho-stratigraphic study of the Tirso River incised valley (Sardinia Island, western Mediterranean Sea), an erosional feature crossing the Sinis fault, a major normal fault bordering the Campidano basin between the Gulf of Oristano and the western Sardinia shelf. High-resolution seismic reflection profiles and multibeam echosounder data, integrated by age-constrained stratigraphic logs derived from 9 sediment cores enabled us to reconstruct the valley evolution during the Holocene. We found that the Tirso valley is the result of a single event of incision and infill during the last eustatic cycle, strongly controlled by the presence of the Sinis fault. In fact, this structure represents a geological threshold that marks an abrupt change in substrate lithology and seabed slope, which controlled the valley morphology, narrow when downcutting early Pliocene formations along the steeper open shelf, and wider inside the Gulf, in the Pleistocene alluvial deposits of the flatter Gulf of Oristano. The sedimentary record starts with alluvial sediments filling the valley along the shelf during the initial phase of sea level rise, i.e., over 10 ka. During the last ~9.0 ka, a bay head delta developed, with the formation of barriers at the gulf entrance. In the mid-late Holocene, the progressive sea-level rise led to rapid drowning of the barrier system, recorded by marine and estuarine sediments filling the valley. Analysis of ecological associations in the cores, collected along a valley-normal transect, allowed for a detailed reconstruction of the paleo-environmental conditions during the latest phase of the incised valley filling controlled by global climatic variations in the Mediterranean region between ~9.0 and ~ 4.5 ka. Together with eustasy, our work reveals that the evolution and sedimentary infill of the Tirso incised valley was strongly controlled by inherited geological constraints, which influenced the morphology of the valley and the stratigraphic pattern

Automated control procedures and first results from the temporary seismic monitoring of the 2012 Emilia sequence

After moderate to strong earthquakes in Italy or in the surrounding areas, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV; National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology) activates a temporary seismic network infrastructure. This is devoted to integration with the Italian National Seismic Network (RSN) [Delladio 2011] in the epicentral area, thus improving the localization of the aftershocks distribution after a mainshock. This infrastructure is composed of a stand-alone, locally recording part (Re.Mo.) [Moretti et al. 2010] and a real-time telemetered part (Re.Mo.Tel.) [Abruzzese et al. 2011a, 2011b] that can stream data to the acquisition centers in Rome and Grottaminarda. After the May 20, 2012, Ml 5.9 earthquake in the Emilia region (northern Italy), the temporary network was deployed in the epicentral area; in particular, 10 telemetered and 12 stand-alone stations were installed [Moretti et al. 2012, this volume]. Using the dedicated connection between the acquisition center in Rome and the Ancona acquisition sub-center [Cattaneo et al. 2011], the signals of the real-time telemetered stations were acquired also in this sub-center. These were used for preliminary quality control, by adopting the standard procedures in use here (see next paragraph, and Monachesi et al. [2011]). The main purpose of the present study is a first report on this quality check, which should be taken into account for the correct use of these dat

Esperienze di monitoraggio integrato: il caso della Rete Sismometrica dell’Italia centro orientale e dei suoi servizi

Viene presentata l’esperienza maturata dagli operatori della sede di Ancona dell’INGV (INGV-AN) nell’ambito delle collaborazioni tra l’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) e la Regione Marche per il miglioramento delle attività di monitoraggio sismico. L’attività dell’INGV-AN aveva due scopi: migliorare le conoscenze sulla sismicità regionale a fini scientifici e perfezionare il servizio di informazione svolto per il Dipartimento per le Politiche Integrate di Sicurezza e per la Protezione Civile (DPISPC). Per il raggiungimento degli scopi si è proceduto all’incremento del numero di stazioni, alla trasformazione in real- time della vecchia rete dial-up, alla installazione di nuove stazioni accelerometriche, e all’utilizzo del complesso dei dati raccolti dalle stazioni accelerometriche e velocimetriche in funzione nel territorio regionale e in quelli immediatamente limitrofi, nonché allo scambio dati tra la sede INGV di Ancona e quella di Roma. I costi dell’intera operazione sono stati contenuti grazie all’utilizzo delle infrastrutture radio wireless della Regione Marche, della economica trasmissione UMTS, di acquisitori GAIA sviluppati dall’INGV e di economici ma efficaci accelerometri MEMS SF3000L della Colybris. Gli obiettivi raggiunti sono i presupposti per il proseguimento della collaborazione tra i due enti rivolta alla copertura più ampia possibile del territorio regionale con reti di rilevamento accelerometrico a basso costo e alla realizzazione di servizi sempre più finalizzati all’emergenza sismica

A Geological Itinerary Through the Southern Apennine Thrust-Belt (Basilicata—Southern Italy)

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BEACH BALLS IN ITALIA CENTRO-ORIENTALE

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Esperienze di monitoraggio integrato: il caso della Rete Sismometrica dell’Italia centro orientale e dei suoi servizi

Viene presentata l’esperienza maturata dagli operatori della sede di Ancona dell’INGV (INGV-AN) nell’ambito delle collaborazioni tra l’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) e la Regione Marche per il miglioramento delle attività di monitoraggio sismico. L’attività dell’INGV-AN aveva due scopi: migliorare le conoscenze sulla sismicità regionale a fini scientifici e perfezionare il servizio di informazione svolto per il Dipartimento per le Politiche Integrate di Sicurezza e per la Protezione Civile (DPISPC). Per il raggiungimento degli scopi si è proceduto all’incremento del numero di stazioni, alla trasformazione in real- time della vecchia rete dial-up, alla installazione di nuove stazioni accelerometriche, e all’utilizzo del complesso dei dati raccolti dalle stazioni accelerometriche e velocimetriche in funzione nel territorio regionale e in quelli immediatamente limitrofi, nonché allo scambio dati tra la sede INGV di Ancona e quella di Roma. I costi dell’intera operazione sono stati contenuti grazie all’utilizzo delle infrastrutture radio wireless della Regione Marche, della economica trasmissione UMTS, di acquisitori GAIA sviluppati dall’INGV e di economici ma efficaci accelerometri MEMS SF3000L della Colybris. Gli obiettivi raggiunti sono i presupposti per il proseguimento della collaborazione tra i due enti rivolta alla copertura più ampia possibile del territorio regionale con reti di rilevamento accelerometrico a basso costo e alla realizzazione di servizi sempre più finalizzati all’emergenza sismica.Published1-321.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionaleN/A or not JCRope

La campagna sismica del progetto “Alto Adriatico”. Rapporto delle attività 2010-2011

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaPublished1-401.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionaleN/A or not JCRope

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), and Frailty: Is There any Room for Good Outcome in the Elderly Undergoing Emergency Surgery?

Background: Patients with MetS or SIRS experience higher rates of mortality and morbidity, across both cardiac and noncardiac surgery. Frailty assessment has acquired increasing importance in recent years as it predisposes elderly patients to a worse outcome. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of MetS, SIRS, and with or without frailty on elderly patients undergoing emergency surgical procedures. Methods: We analyzed data of all patients with nonmalignant diseases requiring an emergency surgical procedure from January 2017 to December 2020. The occurrence of MetS was identified using modified definition criteria used by the NCEP-ATP III Expert Panel: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, or if medication for high triglycerides or for low HDL cholesterol was taken. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was evaluated according to the original consensus study (Sepsis-1). The frailty profile was investigated by the 5-modified Frailty Index (5-mFI) and the Emergency Surgery Frailty Index (EmSFI). Postoperative complications have been reported and categorized according to the Clavien–Dindo (C–D) classification system. Morbidity and mortality have been mainly considered as the 30-day standard period definition. Results: Of the 2,318 patients included in this study, 1,010 (43.6%) fulfilled the criteria for MetS (MetsG group). Both 5-Items score and EmsFI showed greater fragility in patients with MetS. All patients with MetS showed more frequently a CACI index greater than 6. The occurrence of SIRS was higher in MetSG. LOS was longer in patients with MetS (MetSG 11.4 ± 12 days vs. n-MetSG 10.5 ± 10.2 days, p = 0.046). MetSG has a significantly higher rate of morbidity (353 (35.%) vs. 385 (29.4%), p = 0.005). The mortality rate in patients with MetS (98/1010, 10%) was similar to that in patients without it (129/1308, 10%). Considering patients with MetS who developed SIRS and those who had frailty or both, the occurrence of these conditions was associated with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: Impact of MetS and SIRS on elderly surgical patient outcomes has yet to be fully elucidated. The present study showed a 43.6% incidence of MetS in the elderly population. In conclusion, age per se should be not considered anymore as the main variable to estimate patient outcomes, while MetS and Frailty should have always a pivotal role