Sinoicismo y stolati en Emerita, Caesaraugusta y Pax: Una relectura de Estrabón III, 2, 15

Once again, this work calls into question some of the more traditional translations which have been largely accepted by historians and archaeologists alike, but have led to errors. The text I'm examining now, Estrabon III, 2, 15, is one of the best known and most quoted in all Spanish Ancient History. The seven changes now put forward allow for many new points of view. The generally accepted word «togátoi» (from Kramer, 1844) should most definitely be rejected in this paragraph and also in III, 4, 20. The natives described are really «stolátoi», but not all their tribes however; only the ones chosen for sinoikismus. In fact, throughout this paragraph, Estrabon is praising the Latinisation of these territories, and not their romanisation. For Estrabon the three cities mentioned (Caesaraugusta, Eme- rita and Paxaugusta) are póleis or katoikíai, but not apoikíai; therefore they cannot be coloniae ex novo, but pre existing municipia, mixed and with strong military contingents. The dates believed for their possible colonisation conflict with those suggested by Augustus in his Res Gestae: the years 30, 14 o 7-2 B.C. Finally, a possible explanation for the physical appearance of these stolátoi, possibly cives Latini: the statues and bas-reliefs of men dressed in the so-called pallium or toga exigua, until now, in Spain as in Italy and Rome, classified as palliati

La tierra del toro. Ensayo de identificación de ciudades vasconas

This paper is divided into two parts. The first one deals with the evidences of the worship to the bull and the moon, especially the most characteristic «aras taurobólicas» (Navarra and W. of Saragossa), as defining elements of the ager Vasconum original territory. In the second part a new method of analysis, sectoral, is proposed on order to try and make use of some of geographer Ptolomey's (II, 6, 66) up to now unusable facts concerning the Vasconic towns. Various ancient and medieval archaelogical and literary sources will suggest new locations for eighteen such towns, notably for the huge territory known as «Bárdenas Reales» (presently uninhabited), perhaps an ager Caesarianus adsignatus. The final map (fig. 13) seems to match fairly well the experimental one (fig. 9) based on Ptolemy, hinting thus at the soundness of the method employed.Este trabajo está dividido en dos partes. En la primera se estudian los testimonios de culto al toro y a la luna como definidores del territorio primitivo del ager Vasconum, en especial las muy características «aras taurobólicas» de Navarra y el Oeste de Zaragoza. En la segunda se propone un nuevo método de análisis, por conjuntos, para intentar aprovechar datos, hoy inutilizables, del geógrafo Ptolomeo (II, 6, 66), acerca de las ciudades vasconas. Con diversos materiales arqueológicos y fuentes literarias, antiguas y medievales, se llega a proponer nueva ubicación para dieciocho de ellas y, en especial, para el enorme territorio público conocido como «Las Bárdenas Reales», un posible ager Caesarianus adsignatus. La propuesta final de localizaciones (fig. 13) coincide bastante bien con la experimental a partir de Ptolomeo (fig. 9), lo que puede indicar la validez del método empleado