90 research outputs found

    LEED® en tant qu'outil de développement durable : le cas d'un projet en Montérégie

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    La conscientisation quant aux enjeux environnementaux n'a cessé de croître au cours des vingt dernières années. Dans le milieu de la construction, comme dans bien d'autres secteurs de nos sociétés, cette conscientisation a donné naissance depuis une dizaine d'années à un foisonnement de programmes volontaires pour les bâtiments. Ainsi, on assiste à l'édification d'un nombre croissant de bâtiments appelés « verts » ou encore « durables ». L'utilisation de ces qualificatifs semble faire l'objet d'une certaine confusion, plusieurs y ayant recours comme s'il s'agissait de synonymes. Le système d'évaluation LEED®, actuellement le programme volontaire en construction le plus influent dans le monde, ajoute à cette confusion conceptuelle dans sa version canadienne. Cette recherche examine le fonctionnement du système d'évaluation LEED Canada NC 1.0 en tant qu'outil de développement durable pour le secteur de la construction. Puisque ce mémoire se penche sur un phénomène relativement récent, nous avons privilégié l'étude de cas pour notre stratégie de recherche en ayant recours à l'observation participante et à l'analyse documentaire pour effectuer la cueillette de données. Comme cadre d'analyse, ce travail se structure autour des principes de construction durable de la norme ISO 15392. Si la littérature semble considérer le système LEED d'abord comme un programme de performance environnementale, notre recherche démontre que ce programme réussit à intégrer en partie les principes du développement durable pour le secteur de la construction. Aussi, les lacunes principales du programme dans le projet étudié se situent dans la faible prise en compte des acteurs touchés par un projet LEED, la transparence déficiente et une évaluation manquante quant aux phases d'utilisation et de fin de vie utile du bâtiment. Toutefois, nous sommes d'avis que le système LEED-NC constitue un outil en constante évolution. En ce sens, il nous apparaît un outil de développement durable en devenir. Il est en effet possible qu'une version du programme puisse, dans un futur proche, intégrer les aspects actuellement négligés du développement durable.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : développement durable, construction, éco-construction, bâtiments verts, bâtiments durables, LEED®

    Load and speed effects on the cervical flexion relaxation phenomenon

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) represents a well-studied neuromuscular response that occurs in the lumbar and cervical spine. However, the cervical spine FRP has not been investigated extensively, and the speed of movement and loading effects remains to be characterized. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the influence of load and speed on cervical FRP electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic parameters and to assess the measurement of cervical FRP kinematic and EMG parameter repeatability.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eighteen healthy adults (6 women and 12 men), aged 20 to 39 years, participated in this study. They undertook 2 sessions in which they had to perform a standardized cervical flexion/extension movement in 3 phases: complete cervical flexion; the static period in complete cervical flexion; and extension with return to the initial position. Two different rhythm conditions and 3 different loading conditions were applied to assess load and speed effects. Kinematic and EMG data were collected, and dependent variables included angles corresponding to the onset and cessation of myoelectric silence as well as the root mean square (RMS) values of EMG signals. Repeatability was examined in the first session and between the 2 sessions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Statistical analyses revealed a significant load effect (P < 0.001). An augmented load led to increased FRP onset and cessation angles. No load Ă— speed interaction effect was detected in the kinematics data. A significant load effect (P < 0.001) was observed on RMS values in all phases of movement, while a significant speed effect (P < 0.001) could be seen only during the extension phase. Load Ă— speed interaction effect was noted in the extension phase, where higher loads and faster rhythm generated significantly greater muscle activation. Intra-session and inter-session repeatability was good for the EMG and kinematic parameters.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The load increase evoked augmented FRP onset and cessation angles as well as heightened muscle activation. Such increments may reflect the need to enhance spinal stability under loading conditions. The kinematic and EMG parameters showed promising repeatability. Further studies are needed to assess kinematic and EMG differences between healthy subjects and patients with neck pain.</p

    Generation of Priority Research Questions to Inform Conservation Policy and Management at a National Level

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    Integrating knowledge from across the natural and social sciences is necessary to effectively address societal tradeoffs between human use of biological diversity and its preservation. Collaborative processes can change the ways decision makers think about scientific evidence, enhance levels of mutual trust and credibility, and advance the conservation policy discourse. Canada has responsibility for a large fraction of some major ecosystems, such as boreal forests, Arctic tundra, wetlands, and temperate and Arctic oceans. Stressors to biological diversity within these ecosystems arise from activities of the country's resource-based economy, as well as external drivers of environmental change. Effective management is complicated by incongruence between ecological and political boundaries and conflicting perspectives on social and economic goals. Many knowledge gaps about stressors and their management might be reduced through targeted, timely research. We identify 40 questions that, if addressed or answered, would advance research that has a high probability of supporting development of effective policies and management strategies for species, ecosystems, and ecological processes in Canada. A total of 396 candidate questions drawn from natural and social science disciplines were contributed by individuals with diverse organizational affiliations. These were collaboratively winnowed to 40 by our team of collaborators. The questions emphasize understanding ecosystems, the effects and mitigation of climate change, coordinating governance and management efforts across multiple jurisdictions, and examining relations between conservation policy and the social and economic well-being of Aboriginal peoples. The questions we identified provide potential links between evidence from the conservation sciences and formulation of policies for conservation and resource management. Our collaborative process of communication and engagement between scientists and decision makers for generating and prioritizing research questions at a national level could be a model for similar efforts beyond Canada

    A randomized, open-label, multicentre, phase 2/3 study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lumiliximab in combination with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab versus fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab alone in subjects with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

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    A Study Note on the Actuarial Evaluation of Premium Liabilities

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    Several approaches have been used to estimate premium liabilities. The emphasis of these approaches has been on unearned premium and deferred policy acquisition expenses (DPAE), as such items represent the largest components of premium liabilities. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for the evaluation of premium liabilities and to augment the actuarial literature. We define and review the individual components of premium liabilities as well as the regulatory requirements and Canadian Institute of Actuaries recommendations and standards of practices related to premium liabilities. We also present an actuarial approach for estimating equity in the unearned premium, the premium deficiency, and DPAE. The approach here accords with Canadian Institute of Actuaries recommendations and standards of practice as well as statutory requirements as of December 31,1997

    Qualité des interactions dans les milieux éducatifs : diverses utilisations du CLASS (Classroom Assessment Scoring System)

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    Colloque n° 519 du Congrès de l'ACFASDiverses études longitudinales démontrent que des programmes d’éducation de qualité produisent des effets positifs multiples sur les jeunes enfants et que ces effets perdurent tout au long de la vie (Belsky et al., 2007; Campbell, Ramey, Pungello, Sparling et Miller-Johnson, 2002; Schweinhart et al., 2005; Vandell, Belsky, Burchinal, Steinberg et Vandergrift, 2010). Cette qualité est généralement mesurée selon deux composantes : qualité structurelle et qualité des processus. Le Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) (Pianta et al., 2007) est un instrument d’bservation centré spécifiquement sur les processus. En effet, cet instrument mesure la qualité des interactions dans un milieu éducatif. Il catégorise les interactions en trois domaines (soutien émotionnel, organisation de la classe et soutien à l’apprentissage) et dix dimensions. Les concepteurs de cet instrument considèrent que les interactions constituent l’élément déterminant des apprentissages. Une méta-analyse récente appuie leur hypothèse de départ, puisque la qualité des interactions (mesurée par le CLASS) est la variable prédisant le mieux les apprentissages des jeunes enfants en maternelle quatre ans (Sabol, Hong, Pianta et Burchinal, 2013). Ce colloque vise à réunir les chercheurs francophones qui utilisent cet instrument dans leurs recherches. Il permettra de présenter les résultats des premiers travaux menés en français avec le CLASS tout en favorisant des échanges sur le thème plus large des interactions qui favorisent l’apprentissage.
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