EMDR and CBT for Cancer Patients: Comparative Study of Effects on PTSD, Anxiety, and Depression

This pilot study examined the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment compared with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in oncology patients in the follow-up phase of the disease. The secondary aim of this study was to assess whether EMDR treatment has a different impact on PTSD in the active treatment or during the followup stages of disease. Twenty-one patients in follow-up care were randomly assigned to EMDR or CBT groups, and 10 patients in the active treatment phase were assigned to EMDR group. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) were used to assess PTSD at pretreatment and 1 month posttreatment. Anxiety, depression, and psychophysiological symptoms were also evaluated. For cancer patients in the follow-up stage, the absence of PTSD after the treatment was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of receiving EMDR rather than CBT. EMDR was significantly more effective than CBT in reducing scores on the IES-R and the CAPS intrusive symptom subscale, whereas anxiety and depression improved equally in both treatment groups. Furthermore, EMDR showed the same efficacy both in the active cancer treatment and during the follow-up of the disease

Steps towards sustainable solid phase peptide synthesis: use and recovery ofN-octyl pyrrolidone

The investigation of new green biogenic pyrrolidinones as alternative solvents toN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) led to the identification ofN-octyl pyrrolidone (NOP) as the best candidate. NOP showed good performances in terms of swelling, coupling efficiency and low isomerization generating peptides with very high purity. A mixture of NOP with 20% dimethyl carbonate (DMC) allowed a decrease in solvent viscosity, making the mixture suitable for the automated solid-phase protocol. Aib-enkephalin and linear octreotide were successfully used to test the methodologies. It is worth noting that NOP, DMC and the piperidine used in the deprotection step could be easily recovered by direct distillation from the process waste mixture. The process mass intensity (PMI), being reduced by 63-66%, achieved an outstanding value representing a clear step forward in achieving green SPPS

Sustainability in peptide chemistry: current synthesis and purification technologies and future challenges.

Developing greener synthesis processes is an inescapable necessity to transform the industrial landscape, mainly in the pharmaceutical sector, into a long-term, sustainable reality. In this context, the renaissance of peptides as medical treatments, and the enforcement of more stringent sustainability requirements by regulatory agencies, pushed chemists toward the introduction of sustainable processes to prepare highly pure, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Innovative upstream (synthesis) and downstream (purification) methodologies have been developed during the last 5 years with the introduction and optimization of several technologies in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), liquid-phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), chemoenzymatic peptide synthesis (CEPS), and chromatographic procedures. These innovations are also moving toward the introduction of continuous processes that represent one of the most important targets for iterative processes. This overview discusses the most recent efforts in making peptide chemistry greener. The extensive studies that were carried out on green solvents, reaction conditions, auxiliary reagents and purification technologies in the peptide segment can be useful to other fields of organic synthesi

Inositols: From established knowledge to novel approaches

Myo-inositol (myo-Ins) and D-chiro-inositol (D-chiro-Ins) are natural compounds involved in many biological pathways. Since the discovery of their involvement in endocrine signal transduction, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins supplementation has contributed to clinical approaches in ameliorating many gynecological and endocrinological diseases. Currently both myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins are well-tolerated, effective alternative candidates to the classical insulin sensitizers, and are useful treatments in preventing and treating metabolic and reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and male fertility disturbances, like sperm abnormalities. Moreover, besides metabolic activity, myo-Ins and D-chiro-Ins deeply influence steroidogenesis, regulating the pools of androgens and estrogens, likely in opposite ways. Given the complexity of inositol-related mechanisms of action, many of their beneficial effects are still under scrutiny. Therefore, continuing research aims to discover new emerging roles and mechanisms that can allow clinicians to tailor inositol therapy and to use it in other medical areas, hitherto unexplored. The present paper outlines the established evidence on inositols and updates on recent research, namely concerning D-chiro-Ins involvement into steroidogenesis. In particular, D-chiro-Ins mediates insulin-induced testosterone biosynthesis from ovarian thecal cells and directly affects synthesis of estrogens by modulating the expression of the aromatase enzyme. Ovaries, as well as other organs and tissues, are characterized by a specific ratio of myo-Ins to D-chiro-Ins, which ensures their healthy state and proper functionality. Altered inositol ratios may account for pathological conditions, causing an imbalance in sex hormones. Such situations usually occur in association with medical conditions, such as PCOS, or as a consequence of some pharmacological treatments. Based on the physiological role of inositols and the pathological implications of altered myo-Ins to D-chiro-Ins ratios, inositol therapy may be designed with two different aims: (1) restoring the inositol physiological ratio; (2) altering the ratio in a controlled way to achieve specific effects

UN BAMBINO MALEDUCATO

Quali sono i bambini iperattivi e quali quelli che semplicemente hanno difficoltà a concentrarsi o sono particolarmente vivaci? In Italia è da poco in uso uno psicofarmaco, già ampiamente usato nei paesi anglosassoni per i bambini affetti da deficit da disturbo di attenzione/ iperattività (ADHD). I contorni di questo disturbo però non sono ancora stati definiti con precisione e diagnosticarlo è molto difficile. Così mentre in televisione e sui giornali si dibatte sulla legittimità di una terapia farmacologica, viene in luce un problema comune a molte famiglie e a molti bambini. Infatti un bambino su cinque soffre di disturbi psicologici e sempre più spesso si parla di bambini iperattivi e disattenti, ma raramente con chiarezza. Questo libro aiuta a elaborare strumenti diagnostici più precisi e fornisce agli adulti indicazioni utili per distinguere un bambino da curare da uno cha ha semplicemente un leggero disagio emotivo, non risolvibile con le medicine

L'immaginario prigioniero, come educare i nostri figli ad un uso creativo e responsabile delle nuove tecnologie

“L’immaginario prigioniero” intende indagare il rapporto tra gli adolescenti ed il mondo virtuale interrogandosi sui possibili effetti che la stretta interazione con le nuove tecnologie può avere sullo sviluppo della psiche. I “nativi digitali” stabiliscono contatti immediati, conoscono con un semplice clic, viaggiano virtualmente nello spazio e nel tempo in cyberspazi simili ai mondi magici. Secondo la psicoterapeuta Maria Rita Parsi, autrice del saggio insieme allo psichiatra Tonino Cantelmi e alla psicologa Francesca Orlando, bisogna restituire ai ragazzi il significato e il valore di quella ritualità che affonda le sue radici nell’esperienza di tutti i giorni. Nell’intento di offrire al lettore proposte concrete sul piano educativo e legislativo, il saggio riporta interamente “La Carta di Alba”, imprescindibile codice di comportamento per l’utilizzo consapevole dei new media da parte dei minori. Il vero pericolo legato al mondo virtuale è che si formino bambini e adolescenti profondamente diseducati alla vita reale, alla socializzazione e ai suoi processi. Per liberare “l’immaginario prigioniero” dei minori è necessaria una profonda azione culturale: la società e la politica devono investire per costruire un ricco tessuto di occasioni culturali, di incontri e di riti che creano legami