Practical Evaluation of a Network Mobility Solution

IFIP International Workshop on Networked Applications, Colmenarejo, Madrid/Spain, 6–8 July, 2005As the demand of ubiquitous Internet access and the current trend of all-IP communications keep growing, the necessity of a protocol that provides mobility management increases. The IETF has specified protocols to provide mobility support to individual nodes and networks. The Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol is designed for providing mobility at IP level to complete networks, allowing a Mobile Network to change its point of attachment to the Internet, while maintaining ongoing sessions of the nodes of the network. All the mobility management is done by the mobile router whilst the nodes of the network are not even aware of the mobility. The main aim of this article is evaluating the performance of the NEMO Basic Support protocol by using our implementation. We also discuss the design of an implementation of the NEMO Basic Support protocol.Publicad

Raman Spectroscopy and DFT calculations for the Electronic Structure Characterization of Conjugated Polymers

Flash presentationIn the last three decades, there has been a broad academic and industrial interest in conjugated polymers as semiconducting materials for organic electronics. Their applications in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs), polymer solar cells (PSCs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) offer opportunities for the resolution of energy issues as well as the development of display and information technologies1. Conjugated polymers provide several advantages including low cost, light weight, good flexibility, as well as solubility which make them readily processed and easily printed, removing the conventional photolithography for patterning2. A large library of polymer semiconductors have been synthesized and investigated with different building blocks, such as acenes or thiophene and derivatives, which have been employed to design new materials according to individual demands for specific applications. To design ideal conjugated polymers for specific applications, some general principles should be taken into account, including (i) side chains (ii) molecular weights, (iii) band gap and HOMO and LUMO energy levels, and (iv) suited morphology.3-6 The aim of this study is to elucidate the impact that substitution exerts on the molecular and electronic structure of π-conjugated polymers with outstanding performances in organic electronic devices. Different configurations of the π-conjugated backbones are analyzed: (i) donor-acceptor configuration, (ii) 1D lineal or 2D branched conjugated backbones, and (iii) encapsulated polymers (see Figure 1). Our combined vibrational spectroscopy and DFT study shows that small changes in the substitution pattern and in the molecular configuration have a strong impact on the electronic characteristics of these polymers. We hope this study can advance useful structure-property relationships of conjugated polymers and guide the design of new materials for organic electronic applications.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Conjugated Polymers for Organic Electronics: Structural and Electronic Characteristics

The use of organic materials to design electronic devices has actually presented a broad interest for because they constitute an ecological and suitable resource for our current "electronic world". These materials provide several advantages (low cost, light weight, good flexibility and solubility to be easily printed) that cannot be afforded with silicium. They can also potentially interact with biological systems, something impossible with inorganic devices. Between these materials we can include small molecules, polymers, fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene, other carbon-based molecular structures and hybrid materials. Actually these materials are being used to build electronic structures into electronic devices, like organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), constituting and already commercial reality. Some of them are used on a widespread basis1, and are the focus of some recent researches in molecules2,3 and polymers4-6 suitable for these purposes. In this study we analyze the electronic and molecular characteristics of some different π-conjugated structures in order to evaluate their potential as semiconducting materials for organic electronics. For this purpose we focus on the study of conjugated polymers with different backbones configurations: (i) donor-acceptor configuration, (ii) 1D lineal or 2D branched conjugated backbones, and (iii) encapsulated polymers. To achieve this goal, we use a combined experimental and theoretical approach that includes electronic spectroscopies (i.e., absorption, emission and microsecond transient absorption), vibrational Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations. These structural modifications are found to provoke a strong impact on the HOMO and LUMO levels and the molecular morphology, and, consequently, on their suitability as semiconductors in organic electronic applications.References 1. S. R. Forrest, M. E. Thompson. Chem. Rev., 2007, 107, 923 2. R. C. González-Cano, G. Saini, J. Jacob, J. T. López Navarrete, J. Casado and M. C. Ruiz Delgado. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 17165 3. J. L. Zafra, R. C. González-Cano, M. C. Ruiz Delgado, Z. Sun, Y. Li, J. T. López Navarrete, J. Wu and J. Casado. J. Chem. Phys. , 2014, 140, 054706 4. M. Goll, A. Ruff, E. Muks, F. Goerigk, B. Omiecienski, I. Ruff, R. C. González-Cano, J. T. López Navarrete, M. C. Ruiz Delgado, S. Ludwigs. Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 2015, 11, 335. 5. D. Herrero-Carvajal, A. de la Peña, R. C. González-Cano, C. Seoane, J. T. López Navarrete, J. L. Segura, J. Casado, M. C. Ruiz Delgado, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014, 118, 9899. 6. M. Scheuble, Y. M. Gross, D. Trefz, M. Brinkmann, J. T. López Navarrete, M. C. Ruiz Delgado, and S. Ludwigs, Macromolecules, 2015, 48, 7049.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Local ecological footprint using Principal Component Analysis: A case study of localities in Andalusia (Spain)

The quantity and quality of available information is one of the major constraints for the calculation of the ecological footprint, particularly for sub-national or sub-regional territorial levels. At the national or even regional level, the information that allows for computing the ecological footprint is generally available. However, when trying to calculate the footprint for lower-level territorial realities (e.g., cities or municipalities), this information is insufficient or non-existent. In this article, we propose an indirect method for calculating the ecological footprint of such territorial spaces through Principal Component Analysis. The case study utilises the ecological footprint of Andalusia (a Spanish region) as a starting point for footprint assignment to each of the 771 municipalities included in the Andalusian region. A set of variables related to the consumption levels in these municipalities has been utilised and is expressed in physical units. These variables make it possible to obtain a weighting factor to determine the ecological footprint of each municipality. This procedure also makes it possible to identify which variables or indicators have the greatest impact on the ecological footprint for a given territory. According to the results, the method also shows how inappropriate it is to consider the population as a way to distribute the ecological footprint; there are relevant differences between the weight of the population in municipalities and their generated footprint. There are also significant differences between the magnitude of economic indicators, such as GDP, and the estimated ecological footprint; for municipalities with higher income levels, the ecological impact is more than proportional to the weight of the monetary indicator

Analysis of the effect of mobile terminal speed on WLAN/3G vertical handovers

Proceedings of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM '06, San Francisco, California, 27 november - 1 december, 2006.WLAN hot-spots are becoming widely spread. This, combined with the availability of new multi-mode terminals integrating heterogeneous technologies, opens new business opportunities for mobile operators. Scenarios in which 3G coverage is complemented by WLAN deployments are becoming available. Thus, true all-IP based networks are ready to offer a new variety of services across heterogeneous access. However, to achieve this, some aspects still need to be analyzed. In particular, the effect of the terminal speed on the detection and selection process of the preferred access network is not yet well understood. In fact, efficiency of vertical handovers depends on the appropriate configuration of mobile devices. In this paper we present a simulation study of handover performance between 3G and WLAN access networks showing the impact of mobile users’ speed. The mobile devices are based on the IEEE 802.21 cross layer architecture and use WLAN signal level thresholds as handover criteria. A novel algorithm to dynamically adjust terminals’ configuration is presented.Publicad

Caractérisation des matériaux commerciaux et synthétisés destinés à adsorber le méthane et l'oxyde nitreux présents dans des émissions gazeuses et modélisation de l'adsorption

Les activités humaines ont généré une augmentation importante de la concentration de gaz à effet de serre (GES) au cours des 150 dernières années, ce qui est relié à plusieurs problèmes environnementaux, tels que le réchauffement planétaire et les changements climatiques. Le secteur agricole contribue de 8 à 10% aux émissions totales de GES dans l'atmosphère, et les principaux GES émis sont le dioxyde de carbone (CO₂), le méthane (CH₄) et l’oxyde nitreux (N₂O). Le contrôle et la quantification de ces émissions requièrent des technologies qui permettent de les capturer et ou les dégrader, par exemple par adsorption. L'objectif du présent projet est de caractériser des matériaux qui puissent être utilisés comme adsorbants des GES et de décrire leurs cinétiques d’adsorption afin d’avoir l’information qui permette de sélectionner des adsorbants pour capturer le CH₄ et le N₂O à des basses concentrations et à température et pression ambiantes. Pour adsorber le CH₄, des adsorbants commerciaux et synthétiques ont été utilisés. Les adsorbants choisis ont été des zéolithes, un biocharbon conditionné au laboratoire et un ZIF (« Zeolitic imidazolate framework », ZIF-8) synthétisé au laboratoire. Ce dernier a été employé aussi pour adsorber du N₂O. La capacité d’adsorption de CH₄ et de N₂O a été évaluée pour chaque adsorbant par de tests dynamiques d’adsorption du gaz sous conditions ambiantes. Des zéolithes commerciales sous forme de billes ou d’extrudés et de poudre ont été caractérisées physiquement et chimiquement afin de corréler leurs propriétés avec la capacité d'adsorption de CH₄. L’effet de la structure et de la composition chimique sur la capacité d'adsorption de CH₄ ont été analysées. La capacité d'adsorption du CH₄ par les zéolithes commerciales a été étudiée à 30°C, à pression atmosphérique et à pressions partielles du CH₄ inférieures à 0,40 kPa (4000 ppm CH₄). L’isotherme d’adsorption de Freundlich a ajusté correctement aux données expérimentales. Il a été observé que la capacité d’adsorption du CH₄ augmentait avec la surface spécifique et le volume de pores, tandis qu’elle diminuait avec le rapport Si/Al et la température. Egalement, les zéolites sous forme de poudre ont présenté des capacités d’adsorption du CH₄ plus élevées que les zéolithes sous forme de billes ou d’extrudés. Du biocharbon obtenu par torréfaction du carton ciré a été traité chimiquement avec KOH et caractérisé. La caractérisation physique, chimique et thermique du carton ciré torréfié et des échantillons traités chimiquement permet de prédire la durabilité des échantillons et de corréler ses propriétés avec sa capacité d’adsorption. La capacité d'adsorption du CH₄ par le biocharbon a été étudiée à 30°C, à pression atmosphérique et à pressions partielles du CH₄ inférieures à 0,40 kPa (4000 ppm CH₄). L’isotherme d’adsorption de Freundlich a ajusté les données expérimentales. La capacité d'adsorption augmentait avec le temps de torréfaction et diminuait avec le traitement chimique. Le ZIF-8 a été obtenu par synthèse solvothermale et caractérisé physiquement et chimiquement afin de corréler ses propriétés avec sa capacité d'adsorption du CH₄ et du N₂O. La capacité d'adsorption du CH₄ et du N₂O a été étudiée à 30 °C et à pression atmosphérique, tandis que les pressions partielles du CH₄ et N₂O ont été inférieures à 0,40 kPa pour le CH₄ (4000 ppm CH₄) et à 0,10 kPa pour le N₂O (1000 ppm N₂O). L’isotherme d’adsorption de Freundlich ajuste correctement les donnés expérimentales. En plus, de l’adsorption d’un mélange de CH₄ et N₂O a été étudié et la courbe de percé du CH₄ est affecté pour le N₂O. Parmi les différents matériaux utilisés lors de l’adsorption du CH₄ à 30 ºC et à pressions partielles de CH₄ inférieures à 0,40 kPa (4000 ppm CH₄), les biocharbons présentent la capacité d’adsorption la plus élevée, suivis par le ZIF-8 et les zéolithes commerciales.Human activities contributed with a significant increase in GHG concentrations over the past 150 years and they are related to environmental issues, such as global warming and climate change. The agricultural sector contributes 8 to 10% of total GHG emissions to the atmosphere, being carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) the main GHGs emitted. The control and quantification of these emissions requires technologies which can capture and or degrade these GHG, for example by adsorption. The objective of this project is to characterize adsorbents and to describe their adsorption kinetics in order to select the most suitable for the adsorption of CH₄ and N₂O at low concentration and at ambient temperature. For CH₄ adsorption, commercial and synthesized adsorbents were tested. The selected adsorbents were commercial zeolites, laboratory conditioned biochar and synthesized ZIF ("Zeolitic imidazolate framework"). ZIF was also used for N₂O adsorption. The adsorption capacity of CH₄ and N₂O for each adsorbent was evaluated by dynamic adsorption tests of the gas under atmospheric conditions. Commercial zeolites, in the form of pellets and powders, were physically and chemically characterized in order to correlate their properties with its CH₄ adsorption capacity. The effect of zeolites structure and chemical composition on the adsorption capacity of CH₄ was evaluated for zeolites in the form of pellets and powders. CH₄ adsorption capacity of commercial zeolites was studied at 30 °C, atmospheric pressure and at CH₄ partial pressures lower than 0.40 kPa (4000 ppm CH₄). Freundlich isotherm fitted the experimental data of CH₄ adsorption. The adsorption capacity of CH₄ increased with the surface area and pore volume, while decreased with the Si/Al ratio and temperature. Furthermore, the zeolites in powder form exhibited higher CH₄ adsorption capacities than those of zeolites in pellets. The torrefied cardboard was chemically treated with KOH and it was physically, chemically and thermally characterized to correlate its properties with its CH₄ adsorption capacity and to predict the durability of the samples. The adsorption capacity of CH₄ of torrefied cardboard was studied at 30 °C, atmospheric pressure and CH₄ partial pressures lower than 0.40 kPa (4000 ppm CH4). The Freundlich adsorption isotherm fitted correctly the experimental data. CH4 adsorption capacity increased with torrefaction time and decreased with chemical treatment. ZIF-8 was obtained by solvothermal synthesis and was physically and chemically characterized in order to correlate its properties with its adsorption capacity of CH₄ and N₂O. The adsorption capacity of CH₄ and N₂O was studied at 30 °C and atmospheric pressure, while the partial pressures of CH₄ and N₂O evaluated were lower than 0.40 kPa for CH₄ (4000 ppm CH₄) and lower than 0.10 kPa for N2O (1000 ppm N₂O). The experimental adsorption of CH₄ an N₂O was fitted by Freundlich isotherm. Furthermore, the adsorption of a mixture of CH₄ and N₂O was evaluated, being CH₄ breakthrough influenced in the presence of N₂O. Among the different materials used for CH₄ adsorption at 30 ºC and partial pressures lower than 0.40 kPa (4000 ppm CH₄), biocharbons presented the highest adsorption capacity, followed by ZIF- 8 and commercial zeolites

Control predictivo para la operación de una planta fotovoltaica con almacenamiento

En el presente Trabajo de Fin de Máster (en adelante, TFM) se propone una estrategia para el control de la operación en tiempo real de una planta fotovoltaica con almacenamiento. Para ello, se ha optado por el desarrollo de un control MPC (Model Based Predictive Control) dadas las ventajas que esta estrategia ofrece en cuanto a la posibilidad de emplear predicciones de la potencia generada por el campo fotovoltaico, gestionar con facilidad sistemas multivariables y calcular la acción de control en base a la optimización de una función objetivo sujeta a restricciones previamente definida. El trabajo que en esta Memoria se presenta constituye la fase final (Fase 2) de un Proyecto de mayor envergadura, en adelante Proyecto Matriz, cuyo propósito es conseguir una gestión óptima de la operación de una planta fotovoltaica conectada a la Red Eléctrica de 100 MW de potencia instalada. Sin embargo, el presente documento se centrará, principalmente, en la descripción del Control diseñado para la operación de la planta en tiempo real a lo largo de un día completo, y en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos. La Fase 1 del mencionado Proyecto Matriz se encarga, a grandes rasgos, de proporcionar referencias horarias tanto de energía final entregada a la Red Eléctrica como de energía almacenada en el sistema de almacenamiento. Estas referencias son, a su vez, calculadas en base a una estrategia de optimización que persigue maximizar el beneficio económico en la operación de este tipo de plantas conectadas a la Red, permitiéndoles ser más competitivas en su participación en el Mercado Eléctrico. La localización de la planta es desconocida, aunque este aspecto no tiene, en principio, repercusión alguna en lo que al alcance de este TFM se refiere, debido a que el Proyecto se ha centrado en la ejecución de simulaciones por ordenador para diversos perfiles de radiación. A este respecto, se simulará un amplio abanico de situaciones que pueden suceder, a fin de evaluar la bondad del algoritmo desarrollado. El objetivo principal, pues, de este control es el de intentar cumplir con los compromisos de energía entregada a la Red que han sido adquiridos en la subasta del Mercado Diario llevada a cabo el día previo al de operación. El incumplimiento en el suministro de cualquiera de las franjas horarias del día conllevará graves penalizaciones que podrán desembocar a largo plazo en serias pérdidas económicas para la empresa operadora de la planta y, en el peor de los casos, en su inviabilidad económica. Asimismo, se comentarán otras funcionalidades que presenta la estrategia de operación que se propone, como la mejora en la calidad del suministro a la Red, resultando señales de potencia mucho menos ruidosas. Esto se hace posible gracias al soporte que ofrecen los Sistemas de Almacenamiento en las centrales de energías renovables en general. Es importante señalar que, por la propia naturaleza de la energía fotovoltaica, habrá casos en los que, por contratiempos eminentemente meteorológicos, el cumplimiento de las entregas horarias de energía a la Red será prácticamente inviable. En estas situaciones la estrategia de control diseñada deberá gestionar la Planta, operando sobre el Sistema de Almacenamiento fundamentalmente, de manera tal que se minimice el error de seguimiento sin violar ninguna de las restricciones presentes en el Sistema. A fin de dar a conocer al lector el conjunto de elementos de que consta nuestro Sistema, se presenta a continuación un sencillo boceto 3D del mismo. El modelado ha sido realizado en el programa de diseño tridimensional SketchUp, de Google Inc.Universidad de Sevilla. Máster en Ingeniería Industria

Una aproximación a las concepciones del infinito de estudiantes de grado once desde la teoría APOE

En esta experiencia de aula se reportan algunos resultados del trabajo realizado en el marco del curso de Didáctica de la Matemática de la Licenciatura en Matemáticas de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional de Bogotá, Colombia, para estos efectos inicialmente se presentan algunos referentes teóricos propios de la teoría APOE que fueron utilizados para analizar los resultados obtenidos con la aplicación de la paradoja de las pelotas de tenis, la cual se desarrolló con la intención de hacer una aproximación a las concepciones que tienen los estudiantes de grado once del Colegio Integrado Eduardo Caballero Calderón sobre el concepto de infinito

Long-time behavior of an angiogenesis model with flux at the tumor boundary

This paper deals with a nonlinear system of partial differential equations modeling a simplified tumor-induced angiogenesis taking into account only the interplay between tumor angiogenic factors and endothelial cells. Considered model assumes a nonlinear flux at the tumor boundary and a nonlinear chemotactic response. It is proved that the choice of some key parameters influences the long-time behaviour of the system. More precisely, we show the convergence of solutions to different semi-trivial stationary states for different range of parameters.Comment: 17 page