Ozonización De Residuos Líquidos Textiles Para Remoción De Sólidos Suspendidos Totales, Demandas Química Y Bioquímica De Oxígeno, Grasas Y Aceites

The study of the textile industry liquid wastes oxidation by ozone application in completed mixed batch reactors, with reaction times between 10 and 60 minutes, was developed according to previous observation tests. A SEFILTRA Ozone Generator, manufactured in Madrid, Spain, characterized by an air flow of 2 dm3/min), ozone concentration of 9,50 mg/dm3 , an O3production of 19 mg/min and %weight of 0,8. The contamination indicating parameters as Color, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and, Fats and oils, showed satisfactory oxidative levels, with BOD5 and Fats and oils being the most oxidized within 50 minutes of reaction time. All contamination indicators were oxidized by ozone, according to second degree polynomial behavior, with correlation coefficients above 0,98

MODELIZACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL SUELO ASOCIADA A PLAGUICIDAS COMO UNA MODIFICACIÓN DEL MÉTODO DEL INSTITUTO BATELLE – COLOMBUS

The study dealed on the design and the application of a mathematical model for the determination of the soil quality, associated to pesticides of more common use. The pattern consisted on an extensive modification of the Index of Water Quality developed by Institute Batelle Colombus, USA, to be applied to the soil (Index of Soil Quality Associated to Pesticides, ISQAP), in relation with pesticides. A wide group of values of concentrations of these compounds was used and, once proven the adjustment of the pattern to the same ones, it was proceeded to apply it using concentrations obtained data for agricultural soils of the Caluma low part, Bolivar county, Ecuador. The results demonstrated an Index average value of 42%, indicative of an Environmental Quality Level around 0.61; this is, "bad"; being recommended the amplification of the study to other areas of the studied microcuenca, as well as to others in those that is suspected of an indiscriminate pesticides employment, as well as the socialization of this work among the territory farmers population, propitiating their motivation in the good use of these compounds

La Alcalinidad Y La Nitrificación En Una Laguna Aireada A Escala Piloto

It was studied the relationship among means alkalinity concentration as calcium carbonate, and the nitrification process in an aerated oxidation lagoon in batch and pilot scale (1,72 m3 as total volume and 1,46 m3 as effective one) working on a residual synthetic liquid, elaborated with base in sucrose, sulfate and ammonium phosphate. The results demonstrated that when being increased the initial alkalinity in the range from 120 to 360 mg CaCO3/dm3, the nitrification process efficiency increased significantly until the surroundings of the 86%, decreasing when being this with smaller and bigger values that said range. The dissolved oxygen concentration stayed around 4,3 mg/dm3, belonging together with the aerobic character of the microorganisms for nitrification (Nitrosomona and Nitrobacter). The initial concentration of total nitrogen in each one of the 14 processes batch was 38 mg/dm3 and the same one went down to minimum values around 4,56 mg/dm3

Purificación Del Aire Ambiente Interior En La Fábrica De Productos Lácteos “Quesos Latacunga” , Cotopaxi, Ecuador

The purification of the internal ambient air of the "Latacunga Cheese" factory was studied by the application of ozone. It is an energetic oxidizing agent which is able to kill the microorganisms present in the medium where it is found. It is applied in its appropriate doses with the aim of purifying the air environment of the workshop. The concentrations of fungi and bacteria found before the application of ozone were higher than that allowed by the Spanish legislation "UNE 100012 Hygiene of systems". Among the fungi identified were Aspergillus sp., Penicilium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., and Cladosporium sp. The major bacteria identified were Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Streptomyces sp., and Enterobacter agglomerans. The main material used for the treatment of indoor air with ozone was a SEFILTRA purifier. This purifier, however, generates an ozonated air flow rate of 2 dm3 / min with an ozone concentration in air of 9.5 g / m3. This means it has an ozone charge of about 1.14 g / hr. A High Efficiency Particle Arresting (99.995%) filter was used to measure microbial air content before and after treatment. After an hour of application of ozone, the reduction of fungi was sufficient to ensure that its presence was complied with the maximum limit established in the legislation in question. However, this does not happen with bacteria which needs about 25 minutes more to conclude which is the same as for fungi

Estudio Preliminar Sobre La Decoloración Del Residual Líquido De La Producción De Papel Mediante Ozonización

Preliminarily, the relationship between Color Reduction (%RC), Total Suspended Solids concentration (SST), and as independent variable, the time of Ozone Oxidation Process, was evaluated with reference values of DQO of the black liquor adjusting its concentration from SST to 300 and 50mg/dm3. A batch reactor of 12,60dm3, an effective height of 3,2dm and an ozone generating device from SEFILTRA company (air flow of 2dm3/min, c(O3) of 9,50mg/dm3 with a O3(g) production 19mg/min) was used. The polynomic correlation was determined from 192 data sets with satisfactory adjustment level (R=0,92; p <0,001). Although, preliminarily, the DQO reduction (%RDQO) was not included in the polynomial relationship, it can be concluded that: a) The %RC and %RDQO is reduced when color and DQO increases from the ozonized sample at same time intervals; this reduction is greater when the SST levels of the ozonized sample increases. b) The %RC and %RDQO decrease when the SST level of the ozonized sample increases. c) Depending on the initial color, of the DQO and of the SST level of the sample, values from 10 to 53 %Rc were obtained after 10 min, and of 66 to 94 %Rc after 60 min

Nitrificación En La Estabilización De Residuos Líquidos En Un Reactor Batch Aireado Completamente Mezclado

Organic nitrogen concentration and nitrifying efficiency were related with aerobic reactor operation time, varying from zero up to 50 days and working as a Conventional Activated Sludge System, inoculated with sludge from a trickling filter system, packed with plastic media. The total nitrogen concentration at the beginning was adjusted to 70 mg/dm3 , by means of lysine addition and, and the corresponding to dissolved oxygen stayed at least in 3 mg/dm3 . The maximum nitrification efficiency for converting total nitrogen to nitrate was 86%, and about 30 days, was not significantly increased and the alkalinity (expressed as CaCO3) was reduced from 425 down to 57 mg/dm3 , decreasing about 7,50 mg/dm3 for each mg/dm3 of organic nitrogen converted to nitrate

MODELIZACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL SUELO ASOCIADA A PLAGUICIDAS COMO UNA MODIFICACIÓN DEL MÉTODO DEL INSTITUTO BATELLE – COLOMBUS

The study dealed on the design and the application of a mathematical model for the determination of the soil quality, associated to pesticides of more common use. The pattern consisted on an extensive modification of the Index of Water Quality developed by Institute Batelle Colombus, USA, to be applied to the soil (Index of Soil Quality Associated to Pesticides, ISQAP), in relation with pesticides. A wide group of values of concentrations of these compounds was used and, once proven the adjustment of the pattern to the same ones, it was proceeded to apply it using concentrations obtained data for agricultural soils of the Caluma low part, Bolivar county, Ecuador. The results demonstrated an Index average value of 42%, indicative of an Environmental Quality Level around 0.61; this is, "bad"; being recommended the amplification of the study to other areas of the studied microcuenca, as well as to others in those that is suspected of an indiscriminate pesticides employment, as well as the socialization of this work among the territory farmers population, propitiating their motivation in the good use of these compounds

Caracterización in vitro de Trichoderma spp., y modelo matemático de su antagonismo en presencia de Moniliophthora perniciosa

To optimization of practical use of the biological control agent is fundamental the understanding of how they were affected by the physics conditions, the survivor capacities, growths and reproduction systems. Trichoderma has been described as an efficient biological control agent. The aim of this research have been the in vitro characterization, determination of the growth of native strains of Trichoderma spp., from Ecuador and the esta-blishment of the antagonistic capacity of this isolates against M. perniciosa through the application of mathematical models. The research experiment was carried out in the Portoviejo Research Station (EEP) of Agricultural and Cattle National Research Institute (INIAP). Consequently, 12 isolates of Trichoderma spp., were identified based on charac-teristics of aroma, color and morphology. The isolated A1, which showed a strong smell of coconut, presented initial high growth ranges in pure culture and a flat morphology; was the most effective in the inhibition of M. perniciosadevelopment. The mathematical models determination describing the mycelial growth of M. perniciosa to the presen-ce of antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma spp., could allow a rapid characterization of Trichoderma spp., isolates in the praxis.Para optimizar el uso práctico de un agente de control biológico es esencial entender cómo las condiciones físicas afectan la sobrevivencia, crecimiento y reproducción de estos agentes. Trichoderma ha sido descrito como un agente de control biológico eficaz. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar la caracterización morfológica, determinación del crecimiento y el establecimiento de la capacidad antagónica de aislados nativos de Trichoderma spp., a nivel in vitro frente al fitopatógeno Moniliophthora perniciosa (ex Crinipellis perniciosa) a través de modelos matemáticos. Esta investigación fue conducida en la Estación Experimental Portoviejo (EEP) del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP). Consecuentemente, se identificaron 12 aislados de Trichoderma spp., en función de sus características morfológicas. El aislado A1 que, mostró un fuerte aroma a coco, una alta tasa de crecimiento inicial en cultivo puro y una morfología plana, resultó ser el más efectivo a la hora de inhibir el desarrollo de M. perniciosa. La determinación de modelos matemáticos que describen el crecimiento micelial de M. perniciosa ante la presencia antagónica de los aislados de Trichoderma spp., permitiría una rápida identificación, caracterización de aislados de Trichoderma spp., y su aplicación práctica

Growth and Yield Models for Teak Planted as Living Fences in Coastal Ecuador

Teak plantations cover a total area of about 4.35 million ha worldwide. The species is currently being planted in silvopastoral systems in the coastal lowlands of Ecuador. However, there are no growth and yield models for teak grown in silvopastoral systems, especially as living fences, in this region. The aim of the present study was to develop volume and yield models for teak grown as living fences in silvopastoral systems. For teak planted as living fences, the biological rotation age was estimated to vary between 15 and 26 years. The final yield in the silvopastoral system varied from 49 m3 ha−1 at 26 years in the least productive sites to 225 m3 ha−1 at 15 years in the most productive sites in the study area. The mean annual yield for the highest quality site was 15.3 m3 ha−1 year−1 at age 15 years, for a density of 160 trees ha−1. For a base age of 10 years, height-based site indexes of nine to 23 m were established. The growth and yield model obtained may be useful to define the biological (optimal) rotation age and estimate the productivity of teak living fences in the coastal lowlands of Ecuador