The Impact of Capital Structure on Profitability with Special Reference to IT Industry in India vs. Domestic Products

Firms can use either debt or equity capital to finance their assets. The best choice is a mix of debt and equity. The present study mainly analyses how far the capital structure (CS) affects the Profitability (P) of corporate firms in India. The study tries to establish the hypothesized relationship as to how far the CS affects the business revenue of firms and what the interrelationship is between CS and Profitability. This study is carried out after categorizing the selected firms into three categories based on two attributes, viz. business revenue and asset size. First, firms are grouped into low, medium and high based on business revenue. Second, firms are classified into small, medium and large based on asset size to establish the hypothesized relationship that CS has significant impact on Profitability of Information Technology (IT) firms in India. For the study, a sample of 102 it firms was chosen by the Multi- Stage Sampling Technique. The data for a period of 8 years ranging from 1999–2000 to 2006–2007 have been collected and considered for analysis. Regression Analysis (to analyze the unique impact of CS on Profitability), in addition to descriptive statistics such as Mean, Standard Deviation, and Ratios has been used. The study proves that there has been a strong one-to-one relationship between CS variables and Profitability variables, Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and the CS has significant influence on Profitability, and increase in use of debt fund in CS tends to minimize the net profit of the IT firms listed in Bombay Stock Exchange in India.capital structure, profitability, return on assets, return on capital employed, debt, equity

Physiology of acid stream algae

Sixteen axenic cultures of algae from acid streams of known water chemistry were produced without the use of antibiotics. These included four strains of Euglena mutabilis (Durham Culture Collection No. D464, D640, D641, D642). Strain D464, isolated from Brandon Acid Stream, Co, Durham, was selected for detailed study; the pH of the stream was 2.6.The optimum yield of E. mutabilis D464 in the basal medium at pH 2.6, occurred at a photon flux density of 100 µmol m(^-1)s(^-1). All four strains (D464, D640, D641, D642) had optimum yields between pH 3.4 and 4.0. Adaptation to low and high pH was checked with strain D464 and it was found that this strain could be adapted to grow at pH 1.5. and at pH 8.5.The nutritional requirements and tolerance to heavy metals of strains D464, D640 and D641 was investigated under standard growth conditions and was found that Na (10 mg 1(^-1) to 25 mg l(^-1)) improved yield. Strains D464, D640 and D641 grew in the vitamin-free basal medium, however in the strain chosen for detailed study (D464) adding vitamin B(_1) and B(_12) improved yield. Heterotrophic and photoheterotrophic growth was investigated using strains D464, D640 and D641 and was found that they utilize the following organic carbon substrates, glucose, fructose, sucrose, glycerol, lactic acid and acetate. Yield was least in acetate. These strains also utilized β-alanine, Dl-asporagine, glycyl-glycine, urea, uric acid and ethanol-amine as sole nitrogen source in the presence of light but not in the dark. Using strain D464 phosphatase activity was checked and was found that this strain had both acid and alkaline cell surface phosphatase activity. All three strains (D464, D640, D641) tested showed tolerance to varying concentrations of different heavy metals. Tolerance in the diminishing order appears to be as follows: Al>Mn>Pb>Ni>Co>Zn>Cu>Fe>Cd. Factors influencing Zn toxicity were investigated using strain D464 and it was found that Zn toxicity influenced by the size of the inoculum, The pH and the composition of growth medium. Na and Ca (above 10 mg 1(^-1)) increased toxicity to Zn, while CI (up to and including 75 mg 1 (^-1) ) and glycyl-glycine reduced Zn toxicity. K (160 mg l(^-1)), Mg (200 mg l(^-1)) and Mn (80 mg l(^1)) had no effect on Zn toxicity in strain D464

Impact of community-based presumptive chloroquine treatment of fever cases on malaria morbidity and mortality in a tribal area in Orissa State, India

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In the Global Strategy for Malaria Control, one of the basic elements is early detection and prompt treatment of malaria cases, especially in areas where health care facilities are inadequate. Establishing or reviving the existing drug distribution centers (DDC) at the peripheral levels of health care can achieve this. The DDCs should be operationally feasible, acceptable by community and technical efficient, particularly in remote hard-core malaria endemic areas.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Volunteers from villages were selected for distribution of chloroquine and the selection was made either by villagers or head of the village. The services of the volunteers were absolutely free and voluntary in nature. Chloroquine was provided free of charge to all fever cases. The impact was evaluated based on the changes observed in fever days, fever incidence, parasite incidence and parasite prevalence (proportion of persons harbouring malaria parasite) in the community. Comparisons were made between 1st, 2nd and 3rd year of operation in the experimental villages and between the experimental and check areas.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 411 village volunteers in 378 villages in the experimental community health center with a population of 125,439 treated 88,575 fever cases with a mean annual incidence of 331.8 cases per 1,000 population during the three-year study period. The average morbid days due to fever (AFD) was reduced to 1.6 ± 0.1 from 5.9 ± 2.1 in the experimental villages while it remained at 5.0 ± 1.0 in the check villages. There was a significant reduction, (p < 0.05) in Annual Fever Incidence (AFI) in the experimental hilltop and foothill villages in comparison to check villages. The change in Annual Parasite Incidence (API) was, however, not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In plain villages that were low endemic, the reductions in AFI and API in experimental villages were statistically significant (p < 0.05). There was significant reduction in the parasite prevalence in high endemic villages of the experimental area both during 2^ndand 3^rdyear when compared with the check area (p < 0.05) but no such reduction was observed in low endemic areas (p > 0.0.5). Mortality due to malaria declined by 75% in the experimental villages in the adult age group whereas there was an increasing trend in check villages.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The study demonstrated that a passive chloroquine distribution system operated by village volunteers in tribal areas is feasible and effective in reducing malaria-related morbidity and mortality.</p

Programmering i matematikk : Hvordan kan programmering bli en integrert del av matematikkundervisningen på ungdomstrinnet?

Master's thesis in Mathematics education (MA500)The theme for this master thesis is programming in mathematics education. Due to an increasing digitalization of our society, there has grown forth a need to include more programming and digital technology in our schools. In the autumn of 2020, all curriculums for subjects in Norwegian primary and secondary schools were updated; renewed. All subjects received descriptions of the core elements pertaining to that subject which described what it was most important for pupils to learn in each subject. The number of subjects and time allocated to each subject remained unchanged. One of the differences in mathematics was the inclusion of programming

The role of contemporary music in instrumental education

Masteroppgave i utøvende musikk- Universitetet i Agder 2011The role of contemporary music in instrumental education discusses the necessity of renewing the curriculum of all musical studies that emphasize performance and the development of the student's instrumental abilities. A portrait of Norwegian composer Ørjan Matre is included to help exemplify the views expressed, as well as the help of theoretical analysis. Key words: contemporary music, education, musicology, ørjan matre, erich wolfgang korngold, pedagogy The role of contemporary music in instrumental education is divided into six chapters. Following the introduction, the second chapter discusses the state of musical critique and musicology, describing the first waves of modernism at the turn of the century (19th/20th) and relating it to the present reality and state of contemporary music. Conclusively, it suggests possibilities of bettering the situation. The third chapter discusses the controversial aspects of Erich Wolfgang Korngold's music and life, relating it to the turbulence of the musical life during his lifetime. Studying Korngold is a unique way to outline the contradictions within Western art music that were being established during his career. The fourth chapter is a portrait of Norwegian composer Ørjan Matre and includes an analysis of his work "Handel Mixtapes". The chapter attempts to suggest the misunderstood aspects of simplicity and accessibility in much contemporary music. The fourth chapter includes a brief description of the problems and benefits involved in achieving a coherent exploitation of musical litterature that explores the new and the traditional hand in hand. The fifth chapther discusses challenges concerning the pedagogical exploitation of the contemporary litterature in teaching, while the final sixth chapter concludes and summarizes. A summary of the interview with Ørjan Matre is included as an appendi

Mucoadhesive microcapsules of glipizide formulated with gum kondagogu: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Mucoadhesive microcapsules are proposed for the antidiabetic drug glipizide, to obtain controlled release. Glipizide microcapsules with a coat consisting of alginate and gum kondagogu were prepared by employing ionic gelation process and emulsification ionotropic gelation process. The microcapsules were evaluated for flow properties, Carr’s index, Hausner factor, microencapsulation efficiency, drug release characteristics, surface characteristics, compatibility studies, mucoadhesive properties and in-vivo hypoglycemic activity. These two methods showed individual, large sized, free flowing spherical microcapsules without any interactions. Glipizide release from the microcapsules was slow and followed zero order kinetics and followed non–fickian release and depended on the coat: core ratio and the method employed in the preparation of microcapsules. Among the two methods emulsification ionotropic gelation method was found to be more suitable for slow and complete release of glipizide over a long period of time. These microcapsules exhibited good mucoadhesive property in the in vitro wash-off test. In vivo evaluation in rabbits demonstrated significant hypoglycemic effect of glipizide.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidepressant-Like Effect of Genistein and Its Combination with Amitriptyline: An Acute and Chronic Study

The present study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic antidepressant effect of genistein in combination with amitriptyline in mice. Animals were divided into six groups (n=6) for treatment with water, genistein, or amitriptyline, either alone or in combination for ten days. Animals were subjected to locomotor activity testing; tail suspension test (TST); and forced swim test (FST) and immobility time was recorded on day one and day ten. Acute treatment of all treatment groups did not significantly reduce the immobility time (p>0.05). Chronic treatment of combination of genistein (10 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time as compared to control group (p<0.001) and was comparable to amitriptyline alone (10 mg/kg). However, no changes in anti-immobility activity in combination of subeffective doses of genistein (5 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) were observed. Genistein at its standard dose (10 mg/kg) rendered synergistic effects in combination with subeffective dose of amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) and additive effects in combination with therapeutic dose of amitriptyline (10 mg/kg)

Emerging Paradigms in Bioengineering the Lungs

In end-stage lung diseases, the shortage of donor lungs for transplantation and long waiting lists are the main culprits in the significantly increasing number of patient deaths. New strategies to curb this issue are being developed with the help of recent advancements in bioengineering technology, with the generation of lung scaffolds as a steppingstone. There are various types of lung scaffolds, namely, acellular scaffolds that are developed via decellularization and recellularization techniques, artificial scaffolds that are synthesized using synthetic, biodegradable, and low immunogenic materials, and hybrid scaffolds which combine the advantageous properties of materials in the development of a desirable lung scaffold. There have also been advances in the design of bioreactors in terms of providing an optimal regenerative environment for the maturation of functional lung tissue over time. In this review, the emerging paradigms in the field of lung tissue bioengineering will be discussed.</jats:p

Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidepressant-Like Effect of Genistein and Its Combination with Amitriptyline: An Acute and Chronic Study

The present study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic antidepressant effect of genistein in combination with amitriptyline in mice. Animals were divided into six groups ( = 6) for treatment with water, genistein, or amitriptyline, either alone or in combination for ten days. Animals were subjected to locomotor activity testing; tail suspension test (TST); and forced swim test (FST) and immobility time was recorded on day one and day ten. Acute treatment of all treatment groups did not significantly reduce the immobility time ( &gt; 0.05). Chronic treatment of combination of genistein (10 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time as compared to control group ( &lt; 0.001) and was comparable to amitriptyline alone (10 mg/kg). However, no changes in anti-immobility activity in combination of subeffective doses of genistein (5 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) were observed. Genistein at its standard dose (10 mg/kg) rendered synergistic effects in combination with subeffective dose of amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) and additive effects in combination with therapeutic dose of amitriptyline (10 mg/kg)