The Raman Laser Spectrometer for the ExoMars Rover Mission to Mars

The Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) on board the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars 2020 mission will provide precise identification of the mineral phases and the possibility to detect organics on the Red Planet. The RLS will work on the powdered samples prepared inside the Pasteur analytical suite and collected on the surface and subsurface by a drill system. Raman spectroscopy is a well-known analytical technique based on the inelastic scattering by matter of incident monochromatic light (the Raman effect) that has many applications in laboratory and industry, yet to be used in space applications. Raman spectrometers will be included in two Mars rovers scheduled to be launched in 2020. The Raman instrument for ExoMars 2020 consists of three main units: (1) a transmission spectrograph coupled to a CCD detector; (2) an electronics box, including the excitation laser that controls the instrument functions; and (3) an optical head with an autofocus mechanism illuminating and collecting the scattered light from the spot under investigation. The optical head is connected to the excitation laser and the spectrometer by optical fibers. The instrument also has two targets positioned inside the rover analytical laboratory for onboard Raman spectral calibration. The aim of this article was to present a detailed description of the RLS instrument, including its operation on Mars. To verify RLS operation before launch and to prepare science scenarios for the mission, a simulator of the sample analysis chain has been developed by the team. The results obtained are also discussed. Finally, the potential of the Raman instrument for use in field conditions is addressed. By using a ruggedized prototype, also developed by our team, a wide range of terrestrial analog sites across the world have been studied. These investigations allowed preparing a large collection of real, in situ spectra of samples from different geological processes and periods of Earth evolution. On this basis, we are working to develop models for interpreting analog processes on Mars during the mission. Key Words: Raman spectroscopy—ExoMars mission—Instruments and techniques—Planetary sciences—Mars mineralogy and geochemistry—Search for life on Mars. Astrobiology 17, 627–65

RLS iOH: ExoMars Raman laser spectrometer optical head bread board to flight model design and performance evolutions

Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) is the Pasteur Payload instrument of the ExoMars mission that will perform Raman spectroscopy for the first time in a planetary space mission. RLS main units are: SPU (SPectrometer Unit), iOH (internal Optical Head), and ICEU (Instrument Control and Excitation Unit), that includes the laser for samples excitation purposes. The iOH focuses the excitation laser into the crushed samples (located at the ALD, Analytical Laboratory Drawer, carrousel) through the excitation path, and collects the Raman emission from the sample (collection path). Its original design presented a high laser trace reaching to the SPU detector, and although a certain level was required for instrument calibration, the found level was expected to be capable of degrading the acquired spectra confounding some Raman peaks. So, the iOH optical and opto-mechanical designs were needed to be updated from the BB (Bread Board) to the engineering and qualification model (iOH EQM), in order to fix the desired amount of laser trace, and after the fabrication and the commitment of the commercial elements, the assembly and integration verification (AIV) process was carried out. Considering the results obtained during the EQM integration verification and the first functional tests, the RLS calibration target (CT) emission analysis, additional changes were found to be required for the Flight Model, FM. In this paper, the RLS iOH designs and functional tests evolutions for the different models are summarized, focusing on the iOH AIV process and emphasizing on the iOH performance evaluation (by using CT spectra) from the re-design activities.Proyecto MINECO Retos de la Sociedad. Ref. ESP2017-87690-C3-1-

RLS iOH: ExoMars Raman laser spectrometer optical head bread board to flight model design and performance evolutions

Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) is the Pasteur Payload instrument of the ExoMars mission that will perform Raman spectroscopy for the first time in a planetary space mission. RLS main units are: SPU (SPectrometer Unit), iOH (internal Optical Head), and ICEU (Instrument Control and Excitation Unit), that includes the laser for samples excitation purposes. The iOH focuses the excitation laser into the crushed samples (located at the ALD, Analytical Laboratory Drawer, carrousel) through the excitation path, and collects the Raman emission from the sample (collection path). Its original design presented a high laser trace reaching to the SPU detector, and although a certain level was required for instrument calibration, the found level was expected to be capable of degrading the acquired spectra confounding some Raman peaks. So, the iOH optical and opto-mechanical designs were needed to be updated from the BB (Bread Board) to the engineering and qualification model (iOH EQM), in order to fix the desired amount of laser trace, and after the fabrication and the commitment of the commercial elements, the assembly and integration verification (AIV) process was carried out. Considering the results obtained during the EQM integration verification and the first functional tests, the RLS calibration target (CT) emission analysis, additional changes were found to be required for the Flight Model, FM. In this paper, the RLS iOH designs and functional tests evolutions for the different models are summarized, focusing on the iOH AIV process and emphasizing on the iOH performance evaluation (by using CT spectra) from the re-design activities.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Grant Numbers: ESP2013‐48427‐C3‐3, ESP2014‐56138‐C3‐3‐R; With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737

¿Tienes plan? Guía sencilla para complicarse haciendo un plan de convivencia útil

El trabajo obtuvo el segundo premio de la modalidad B: 'Una escuela más cooperativa y equitativa', de los Premios Joaquín Sama 2007Se presenta una guía pautada para la realización de un plan de convivencia dentro de unos criterios de gestión democrática de centro y con la implicación de la comunidad educativa. El contenido se divide en tres bloques: las bases teóricas de partida para la elaboración de actividades, programas y el plan, la guía para la elaboración del plan y el ejemplo del plan de convivencia del IES Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (Miajadas, Cáceres).ExtremaduraConsejería de Educación. Dirección General de Política Educativa; Calle Delgado Valencia, 6; 06800 Mérida (Badajoz); Tel. +34924006714; Fax +34924006716; [email protected]