External marking and behavior of early instar \u3ci\u3eHelicoverpa armigera\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on soybean

Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pest of major agricultural crops, such as soybean and cotton. A better understanding of larval movement is important for its integrated management and resistance management. Studies with neonates through second instar larvae are still limited by the difficulties involving the handling and observation of these instars. Many studies require marking larvae, and most research involving marking is focused on moths. However, our study investigated aspects of larval behavior of the second instar of H. armigera on soybean plants. The dyes luminous powder red and Sudan Red 7B were tested as external larval markers. Both dyes successfully marked the larvae for most of 1 stadium (48 h) without deleterious effects, and are useful for short-period behavioral studies. Luminous powder red was selected for the H. armigera larval behavior study on soybean because of ease of detection during both day and night. Second instar on-plant movement was consistent, independent of the d period (morning, afternoon, evening). In general, larvae established their feeding site within a few hours of release, and remained feeding on soybean leaves. Second instar behavior suggests that management by nocturnal insecticide application, based on H. armigera larval movement, would not have an advantage over daytime application. Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) está entre as principais pragas de importancia para culturas agrícolas, como soja e algodão. Compreender o comportamento larval desta espécie, principalmente durante os estádios iniciais é de suma importância para seu manejo integrado e para o manejo de populações resistentes. No entanto, pesquisas com neonatas ou lagartas de segundo ínstar são limitadas devido às dificuldades envolvendo o manuseio e observação de insetos tão diminutos. Muitos desses estudos requerem a marcação de indivíduos, e até o momento, a maioria das pesquisas com marcação de insetos é focada em adultos. Assim, nosso estudo investigou aspectos do comportamento de lagartas de segundo instar de H. armigera em plantas de soja. Estudos prévios também foram realizados com o intuito de se avaliar métodos alternativos e eficazes para marcação de estádios iniciais das larvas desse noctuídeo e suas aplicações em estudos de comportamento. Para tanto, os corantes luminous powder (azul e vermelho) e Sudan (azul e vermelho 7B) foram testados por meio da incorporação em dieta artifical e polvilhamento sobre as lagartas. Baseado em nossos ensaios prévios de laboratório, os corantes incorporados na dieta artifical apresentaram efeitos variáveis sobre os parâmetros biológicos de H. armigera e baixa persistência após o segundo ínstar. Os corantes aplicados por polvilhamento marcaram com sucesso as lagartas e luminous powder vermelho foi selecionado para o estudo de comportamento de lagartas de segundo ínstar em plantas de soja. Lagartas de segundo ínstar apresentaram comportamento de movimento nas plantas semelhantes, independentemente do período de avaliação (manhã, tarde e noite). Em geral, a maioria das lagartas estabeleceram seu sítio de alimentação após algumas horas e permaneceram se alimentando sobre as folhas de soja. Os resultados de comportamento de larvas de H. armigera em segundo instar, documentado no presente trabalho, indicam que aplicacões noturnas de insecticidas não representa vantagem para aumento da eficiência de controle, quando comparado com aplicacões de inseticidas durante o dia

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

External marking and behavior of early instar \u3ci\u3eHelicoverpa armigera\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on soybean

Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pest of major agricultural crops, such as soybean and cotton. A better understanding of larval movement is important for its integrated management and resistance management. Studies with neonates through second instar larvae are still limited by the difficulties involving the handling and observation of these instars. Many studies require marking larvae, and most research involving marking is focused on moths. However, our study investigated aspects of larval behavior of the second instar of H. armigera on soybean plants. The dyes luminous powder red and Sudan Red 7B were tested as external larval markers. Both dyes successfully marked the larvae for most of 1 stadium (48 h) without deleterious effects, and are useful for short-period behavioral studies. Luminous powder red was selected for the H. armigera larval behavior study on soybean because of ease of detection during both day and night. Second instar on-plant movement was consistent, independent of the d period (morning, afternoon, evening). In general, larvae established their feeding site within a few hours of release, and remained feeding on soybean leaves. Second instar behavior suggests that management by nocturnal insecticide application, based on H. armigera larval movement, would not have an advantage over daytime application. Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) está entre as principais pragas de importancia para culturas agrícolas, como soja e algodão. Compreender o comportamento larval desta espécie, principalmente durante os estádios iniciais é de suma importância para seu manejo integrado e para o manejo de populações resistentes. No entanto, pesquisas com neonatas ou lagartas de segundo ínstar são limitadas devido às dificuldades envolvendo o manuseio e observação de insetos tão diminutos. Muitos desses estudos requerem a marcação de indivíduos, e até o momento, a maioria das pesquisas com marcação de insetos é focada em adultos. Assim, nosso estudo investigou aspectos do comportamento de lagartas de segundo instar de H. armigera em plantas de soja. Estudos prévios também foram realizados com o intuito de se avaliar métodos alternativos e eficazes para marcação de estádios iniciais das larvas desse noctuídeo e suas aplicações em estudos de comportamento. Para tanto, os corantes luminous powder (azul e vermelho) e Sudan (azul e vermelho 7B) foram testados por meio da incorporação em dieta artifical e polvilhamento sobre as lagartas. Baseado em nossos ensaios prévios de laboratório, os corantes incorporados na dieta artifical apresentaram efeitos variáveis sobre os parâmetros biológicos de H. armigera e baixa persistência após o segundo ínstar. Os corantes aplicados por polvilhamento marcaram com sucesso as lagartas e luminous powder vermelho foi selecionado para o estudo de comportamento de lagartas de segundo ínstar em plantas de soja. Lagartas de segundo ínstar apresentaram comportamento de movimento nas plantas semelhantes, independentemente do período de avaliação (manhã, tarde e noite). Em geral, a maioria das lagartas estabeleceram seu sítio de alimentação após algumas horas e permaneceram se alimentando sobre as folhas de soja. Os resultados de comportamento de larvas de H. armigera em segundo instar, documentado no presente trabalho, indicam que aplicacões noturnas de insecticidas não representa vantagem para aumento da eficiência de controle, quando comparado com aplicacões de inseticidas durante o dia

Characterization of antibiosis to the redbanded stink bug Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in soybean entries

Stink bugs are among the major pests of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] worldwide. Piezodorus guildinii [Westwood] (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the predominant pest species, causing more severe damage in many regions than other stink bugs. Its attack reduces yield and quality of the beans. Plant resistance is a valuable strategy in integrated pest management that can reduce insect populations below economic injury level. Here, we report the resistance of 17 soybean entries to P. guildinii. PI 229358, PI 274454, L1-1-01, IAC 19, PI 171451, PI 227687, IAC 100, IAC 78-2318, PI 274453, and IAC 74-2832 caused high nymphal mortality (greater than 90 %), indicating the expression of antibiosis. IAC 100, IAC 74-2832, PI 274453, and IAC 24 also increased the length of the nymphal stage of P. guildinii, showing the same mechanism of resistance. Our findings may be useful for breeding programs that focus on the resistance of soybeans to insects

In Vitro Growth Of Schomburgkia Gloriosa Lindl. Using Simplified Culture Media [crescimento In Vitro De Schomburgkia Gloriosa Lindl. Em Meio De Cultivo Simplificados]

One of the ways to increase the production of plants with good genetic quality and conserve orchid species in danger of extinction has been the in vivo propagation. Different culture media have been developed to obtain more efficient results and simplified protocols in an attempt to obtain quality plants at low cost. In consideration of the above and the importance of species conservation, the objective of this study was to develop in vivo propagation of Schomburgkia gloriosa with simplified culture medium. The experimental design was completely randomized, in which seeds were grown in MS medium with half concentration of macronutrients and two other media based on Hyponex® and Kristalon laranja®. The results after 180 days showed that the MS medium composed of half concentration of macronutrients produced the best in vitro results to seeds, since it produced the greatest plant height, plant fresh weight and length of roots and leaves. As well as being the most efficient, the use of this medium reduces costs, thus it is a viable alternative for production of plantlets with both commercial and ecological ends.3025358Arditti, J., Germination and growth of orchids on banana fruit tissue and some of its extracts (1968) American Orchid Society Bulletin, 37, pp. 112-116. , West Palm BeachArditti, J., Ernest, R., (1992) Micropropagation of Orchids, p. 682. , New York: John Wiley & SonsBarros, F., Diversidade taxonômica e distribuição geográfica das Orchidaceae brasileiras (1990) Acta Botanica Brasilica, 4, pp. 177-187Caldas, L.S., Haridasan, P., Ferreira, M.E., Meios nutritivos (1990), pp. 37-70. , In: Torres, A.C.Caldas, L.S. (Eds.), Brasília: ABCTP/Embrapa-CBPHCaldas, L.S., Haridasan, P., Ferreira, M.E., Meios nutritivos (1998) Cultura De Tecidos E Transformação Genética De Plantas, 1, pp. 87-132. , In: Torres, A.C.Caldas L.S.Buso J.A. (Ed.), Brasília: EMBRAPA-SPICampos, F.A.D.B., Considerações sobre a Família Orquidaceae: Taxonomia, antropismo, valor econômico e tecnologia (2008) O Mundo Da Saúde, 32, pp. 383-392Carneiro, M.F., Carneio, R.I.F., Oliveira, S.A., Leite Jr., C.B., Pacheco, R.A., Souza, M.M., Ramos, T.V., Bromélias e orquídeas na região dos Cerrados - Dados preliminares (2001) Congresso Brasileiro De Floricultura E Plantas Ornamentais, 13, p. 13. , São Paulo. Anais. Sociedade Brasileira de Floricultura e Plantas OrnamentaisColombo, L.A., Faria, R.T., Carvalho, J.F.R.P., Assis, A.M., Fonseca, I.C.B., Influência do fungicida clorotalonil no desenvolvimento vegetativo e no enraizamento in vitro de duas espécies de orquídeas brasileiras (2004) Maringá. Acta Scientiarum, pp. 253-258Cordeiro, G.M., Pedroso-de-Moraes, C., Massaro, R., Cunha, T., Desenvolvimento in vitro de Cattleya amethystoglossa Lindley X (Cattleya dupreana X Laelia purpurata Lindley) em diferentes meio de cultura (2011) Revista Científica Eletrônica De Agronomia, 18, pp. 22-28Cunha, T., Cordeiro, G.M., Massaro, R., Dezan, L.F., Pedrosode-Moraes, C., Desenvolvimento in vitro de Laeliocattleya schilleriana Rolfe em meios de cultivo simplificados (2011) Scientia Plena, 7, pp. 1-5Damiano, C., Chiarotti, A., Caboni, E., Quarta, R., Boumis, G., Some factors affecting the induction and the expression of rooting in differents fruits species in vitro (1991) Acta Horticulturae, 300, pp. 211-225Dantas, M.C.A., Ceretta, M., Coutinho, F.E., de Fortes, G.R.L., Enraizamento in vitro da amoreira-preta (Rubus sp.), cultivar Caigangue (2000) Agropecuária de Clima Temperado, 3 (2), pp. 123-130. , PelotasDressler, R.L., How many orchid species? 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Root inoculation of strawberry with the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana reduces incidence of the twospotted spider mite and selected insect pests and plant diseases in the field

The effect of inoculation of strawberry roots by two entomopathogenic fungal isolates, Metarhizium robertsii (ESALQ 1622) and Beauveria bassiana (ESALQ 3375), on naturally occurring arthropod pests and plant diseases was investigated in four commercial strawberry fields during two growing seasons in Brazil. Three locations represented open-field production while strawberries were grown in low tunnels at the fourth location. Population responses of predatory mites to the fungal treatments were also assessed. Plants inoculated by the fungal isolates resulted in significantly fewer Tetranychus urticae adults compared to control plants at all four locations. The mean cumulative numbers ± SE of T. urticae per leaflet were: M. robertsii (225.6 ± 59.32), B. bassiana (206.5 ± 51.48) and control (534.1 ± 115.55) at the three open-field locations, while at the location with tunnels numbers were: M. robertsii (79.7 ± 10.02), B. bassiana (107.7 ± 26.85) and control (207.4 ± 49.90). Plants treated with B. bassiana had 50% fewer leaves damaged by Coleoptera, while there were no effects on numbers of whiteflies and thrips. Further, lower proportions of leaflets with symptoms of the foliar plant pathogenic fungi Mycosphaerella fragariae and Pestalotia longisetula were observed in the M. robertsii (4.6% and 1.3%)- and B. bassiana (6.1% and 1.3%)-treated plots compared to control plots (9.8% and 3.7%). No effect was seen on numbers of naturally occurring predatory mites. Our results suggest that both isolates tested may be used as root inoculants of strawberries to protect against foliar pests, particularly spider mites, and also against foliar plant pathogenic fungi without harming naturally occurring and beneficial predatory mites.acceptedVersio