Diagnosis of bipolar disorders and body mass index predict clustering based on similarities in cortical thickness-ENIGMA study in 2436 individuals

AIMS: Rates of obesity have reached epidemic proportions, especially among people with psychiatric disorders. While the effects of obesity on the brain are of major interest in medicine, they remain markedly under-researched in psychiatry. METHODS: We obtained body mass index (BMI) and magnetic resonance imaging-derived regional cortical thickness, surface area from 836 bipolar disorders (BD) and 1600 control individuals from 14 sites within the ENIGMA-BD Working Group. We identified regionally specific profiles of cortical thickness using K-means clustering and studied clinical characteristics associated with individual cortical profiles. RESULTS: We detected two clusters based on similarities among participants in cortical thickness. The lower thickness cluster (46.8% of the sample) showed thinner cortex, especially in the frontal and temporal lobes and was associated with diagnosis of BD, higher BMI, and older age. BD individuals in the low thickness cluster were more likely to have the diagnosis of bipolar disorder I and less likely to be treated with lithium. In contrast, clustering based on similarities in the cortical surface area was unrelated to BD or BMI and only tracked age and sex. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that both BD and obesity are associated with similar alterations in cortical thickness, but not surface area. The fact that obesity increased the chance of having low cortical thickness could explain differences in cortical measures among people with BD. The thinner cortex in individuals with higher BMI, which was additive and similar to the BD-associated alterations, may suggest that treating obesity could lower the extent of cortical thinning in BD

Histochemical aspects of the yol k-sac and digestive tract of larvae of the Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858)

Histochemical distribution of glycoproteins, carbohydrates and proteins rich in different aminoacids were studied using histological and histochemical procedures, in Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858) larvae from hatching until day 15. Glycogen, proteins and glycoproteins were detected in the yolk-sac of the larvae at hatching and during the yolk-resorption. The epithelia1 digestive system (brush border, enterocytes and goblet cells) contained neutral and acid mucins (carboxylated andlor sulphated). Glycogen was observed in the cytoplasm of the digestive absortive cells (enterocytes) and in the liver (hepatocytes) on day 3-4 posthatching. Protein reactions, and specially those that showed proteins rich in arginine, tyrosine and tryptophan, were very intense in the zymogen granules of the pancreatic cells. Oesophageal and intestinal goblet cells contained glucose N-acetyl and sialic acid residues, but the mucin content of these mucous cells did not show affinity towards Con-A, suggesting the absence of glycoproteins with Mannose andlor glucose residues. WGA showed a very intense positivity in the microvilli of the digestive epithelium of the larvae and positive granules for both lectins, specially for Con-A, were detected in the cytoplasm of the anterior intestinal enterocytes

Histochemical study of skin and gills of Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis larvae and adults

A battery of horseradish peroxidaseconjugated lectins (Con A, WGA and DBA), as well as conventional histochemical techniques (PAS, saponification, Alcian Blue pH 0.1, 1, 2.5, chlorhydric hydrolisis, neuraminidase, Bromophenol blue, Tioglycollate reduction and Ferric-ferricyanide-FeIII) were used to study the content and distribution of carbohydrates, proteins and glycoconjugate sugar residues on the skin and gills of Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis larvae and adults. During larval development of Solea senegalensis (from hatching until day 45 posthatching), epidermal sacciform, as well as branchial and epidermal chloride cells were unreactive with all cytochemical tests performed in this paper. Mucous or goblet cells of the corporal skin and gills containing strongly sulphated acid glycoproteins were evident on days 15-20 of larval development, as well as in epidermal and branchial mucous cells of adult specimens, which also contained GlcNAc andlor sialic acid. In adult specimen, the proteic content was higher in branchial mucous cells than in epidermal cells. In larvae, variable amounts of glycoproteins containing sialic acid, GlcNAc, GalNAc, Man andlor Glc residues were observed in epithelia1 cells and/or cuticle. GlcNAc andlor sialic acid sugar residues were only weakly detected in glycoproteins of some epidermal and branchial mucous cells of larvae by day 45, because from hatching until metamorphosis, lectin reactions (WGA, Con A and DBA) were negative in mucous cells

Supplementary Material for: Estimated GFR and Mortality in Older Men: Are All eGFR Formulae Equal?

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Recently, the first estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) formula specifically developed for community-dwelling older adults, the Berlin Initiative Study Equation 2 (BIS2), was reported. To date, however, no study has examined the performance of the BIS2 to predict death in older adults as compared to equations used clinically and in research. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We prospectively followed 2,994 community-dwelling men (age 76.4 ± 5.6) enrolled in the MrOS Sleep Study. We calculated baseline eGFR from serum creatinine and cystatin-C using the BIS2, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI_cr,cysc), CKD-EPI_cysc and CKD-EPI_cr equations. Analyses included Cox-proportional hazards regression and net reclassification improvement (NRI) for the outcomes of all-cause and cardiovascular death. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Follow-up time was 7.3 ± 1.9 years. By BIS2, 42 and 11% had eGFR <60 and <45, respectively, compared to CKD-EPI_cr (23 and 6%), CKD-EPI_cysc (36 and 13%) and CKD-EPI_cr,cysc (28 and 8%). BIS2 eGFR <45 was associated with twofold higher rate of all-cause mortality when compared to eGFR ≥75 after multivariate adjustment (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5-2.8). Results were similar for CKD-EPI_cr,cysc <45 (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-2.7) and CKD-EPI_cysc <45 (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-2.7) and weaker for CKD-EPI_cr <45 (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-2.0). In NRI analyses, when compared to CKD-EPI_cr,cysc, both BIS2 and CKD-EPI_cr equations more often misclassified participants with respect to mortality. We found similar results for cardiovascular death. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The BIS2 did not outperform and the CKD-EPI_cr was inferior to the cystatin C-based CKD-EPI equations to predict death in this cohort of older men. Thus, the cystatin C-based CKD-EPI equations are the formulae of choice to predict death in community-dwelling older men

Association between body mass index and subcortical brain volumes in bipolar disorders-ENIGMA study in 2735 individuals

Individuals with bipolar disorders (BD) frequently suffer from obesity, which is often associated with neurostructural alterations. Yet, the effects of obesity on brain structure in BD are under-researched. We obtained MRI-derived brain subcortical volumes and body mass index (BMI) from 1134 BD and 1601 control individuals from 17 independent research sites within the ENIGMA-BD Working Group. We jointly modeled the effects of BD and BMI on subcortical volumes using mixed-effects modeling and tested for mediation of group differences by obesity using nonparametric bootstrapping. All models controlled for age, sex, hemisphere, total intracranial volume, and data collection site. Relative to controls, individuals with BD had significantly higher BMI, larger lateral ventricular volume, and smaller volumes of amygdala, hippocampus, pallidum, caudate, and thalamus. BMI was positively associated with ventricular and amygdala and negatively with pallidal volumes. When analyzed jointly, both BD and BMI remained associated with volumes of lateral ventricles and amygdala. Adjusting for BMI decreased the BD vs control differences in ventricular volume. Specifically, 18.41% of the association between BD and ventricular volume was mediated by BMI (Z = 2.73, p = 0.006). BMI was associated with similar regional brain volumes as BD, including lateral ventricles, amygdala, and pallidum. Higher BMI may in part account for larger ventricles, one of the most replicated findings in BD. Comorbidity with obesity could explain why neurostructural alterations are more pronounced in some individuals with BD. Future prospective brain imaging studies should investigate whether obesity could be a modifiable risk factor for neuroprogression