Response of Bell Pepper to Rootstock and Greenhouse Cultivation in Coconut Fiber or Soil

Vegetable production in greenhouses is preferred when soil quality is degraded by high salinity or incidence of pests and diseases. In these soils with abiotic and biotic issues, it is a challenge to increase the yield and quality of fruits. The use of rootstocks and organic substrates are effective and environmentally friendly techniques to solve that challenge. The objective was to study the effect of rootstocks on yields and quality in bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in either soil or coconut fiber substrate, in greenhouses. Using a randomized block design with three repetitions, the resulting treatment groups consisted of three rootstocks (Foundation-F1, Yaocali-F1, CLX-PTX991-F1 (Ultron), and non-grafted controls) with four hybrids as scions (Lamborghini, Bambuca, DiCaprio, and Ucumari). The yield of fruit per plant (YFP) and number of fruit per plant (NFP) obtained in coconut fiber were 85% and 55% greater, respectively, than in soil. The CLX-PTX991-F1 rootstock was superior to the hybrids without rootstock (p ≤ 0.05) in YFP and NPF (30% and 19.5%, respectively). The Lamborghini hybrid had significantly greater YFP and NFP than the Ucumari. We concluded that the use of coconut fiber significantly improves the yields of bell pepper and that the use of rootstock improves plant vigor and plant yield

Agronomic Performance, Capsaicinoids, Polyphenols and Antioxidant Capacity in Genotypes of Habanero Pepper Grown in the Southeast of Coahuila, Mexico

The genetic improvement program of the Seed Technology Training and Development Center works on the agronomic characterization and the content of bioactive compounds in eight genotypes of habanero pepper. The objective is to select genotypes with good agronomic performance that allow the generation of inbred lines to obtain hybrids. In this study, the agronomic performance and the content of bioactive compounds (capsaicinoids, polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity) were evaluated in eight genotypes of habanero pepper grown in the southeast of Coahuila, Mexico, identified as HNC-1, HNC-2, HNC-3, HNC-4, HNC-5, HNC-6, HNC-7, and HCC-8. The plants were grown in a greenhouse for 127 days, under a completely randomized design with four replications each. The results revealed that the yield (g·plant−1) and number of fruits per plant did not show significant differences between genotypes. However, for the fruit length, the genotypes HCC-8, HNC-7, HNC-6, and HNC-5 stood out with over 40 mm, while in equatorial diameter of the fruit, HCC-8, HNC-4, and HNC-2 stood out with 26.45, 26.46, and 25.12 mm, respectively. The results of the chemical analyses allowed us to identify that HNC-5 and HNC-6 had the highest capsaicin concentration (931.38 and 959.77 mg·kg−1), dihydrocapsaicin (434.95 and 445.89 mg·kg−1), Scoville Heat Units greater than 210,000, total phenols (67.54 and 71.15 mg/100 g) and total flavonoids (34.21 and 38.29 mg/100 g), respectively. The HNC-1 and HNC-6 genotypes had the highest carotenoids concentration with 103.96 and 105.07 mg/100 g, and HCC-8 registered the highest anthocyanin content with 22.08 mg C3GE/100 g. The antioxidant capacities showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between genotypes, with a range of 43.22 to 110.39 µmol TE/100 g, 72.37 to 186.56 µmol TE/100 g, and 191.41 to 244.98 µmol TE/100 g for the tests of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The results of this research will be used to select habanero pepper genotypes that can be used in genetic improvement programs to increase the productive potential and the content of bioactive compounds in the fruits to expand their applications in the food industry

Estimación de Heterosis y Heterobeltiosis en híbridos interpoblacionales de tomate de cáscara (Physalis Ixocarpa Brot.)

The objective of the investigation was to evaluate progenitors and their crosses, and to estimate heterosis and heterobeltiosis in hybrid of husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot). The progenitors were UAN CC-S2 (1), a genotype of Physalis angulata (2), UAN CP-S2 (3), Gran Esmeralda (4), UAN CJ-S2 (5), Rendidora (6), and UAN 133- 05 (7). The crosses, plant to plant, were done under greenhouse conditions in autumn-winter of 2012; the evaluation of the crosses and the parents were done in the municipality of General Cepeda, Coahuila, Mexico, in the spring-summer of 2013, under a randomized block design with three repetitions. In yield, the best cross was 3*4, with yields of 47.19 t.ha-1, heterosis of 35.93%, and heterobeltiosis of 20.85%; however the 1*6 cross presented the highest values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis, 117.91 and 117.62% respectively; in number of fruits per plant, crosses 7*3 showed the highest values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis, 109.19 and 89.96% respectively; in terms of average fruit weight, equatorial diameter of fruit, and polar diameter of fruit, the best cross was the 3*4, that presented heterosis of 41.17, 11.40, and 12.56%, and heterobeltiosis of 37.99, 9.26, and 12.03%, respectively, although cross 1*5 values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in average weight were 115.91 and 107.83% respectively. Among the populations studied there is genetic divergence, since they presented high values of heterosis; in addition, the maternal effects significantly influenced the variables under study, indicating the best direction of the cross.El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar los progenitores y sus cruzas, y estimar la heterosis y la heterobeltiosis en híbridos de tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot). Los progenitores fueron UAN CC-S2 (1), un genotipo de Physalis angulata(2), UAN CP-S2 (3), Gran Esmeralda (4), UAN CJ-S2 (5), Rendidora (6) y UAN 133-05 (7). Los cruzamientos planta a planta fueron en invernadero, en otoño-invierno de 2012; la evaluación de cruzas y progenitores se realizó en el municipio de General Cepeda, Coahuila, México, en primavera-verano de 2013, bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En cuanto a rendimiento, la cruza más rendidora fue 3*4, con rendimientos de 47.19 t.ha-1, heterosis de 35.93% y heterobeltiosis de 20.85%; sin embargo, la cruza 1*6 presentó valores mayores de heterosis y heterobeltiosis, 117.91 y 117.62% respectivamente. Para número de frutos por planta, la cruza 7*3 mostró los valores de heterosis y heterobeltiosis mayores, 109.19 y 89.96% respectivamente. En cuanto a peso promedio del fruto, diámetro ecuatorial del fruto y diámetro polar del fruto, la mejor cruza fue la 3*4, que presentó heterosis de 41.17, 11.40 y 12.56% y heterobeltiosis de 37.99, 9.26 y 12.03% respectivamente, si bien la cruza 1*5 mostró valores de 115.91% de heterosis y 107.83% de heterobeltiosis en peso promedio del fruto. Entre las poblaciones estudiadas existe divergencia genética, puesto que presentaron altos valores de heterosis; además, los efectos maternos influyeron de forma significativa en las variables en estudio, indicando la mejor dirección de la cruza

Estimación de Heterosis y Heterobeltiosis en Híbridos Interpoblacionales de Tomate de Cáscara (Physalis Ixocarpa Brot.)

The objective of the investigation was to evaluate progenitors and their crosses, and to estimate heterosis and heterobeltiosis in hybrid of husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot). The progenitors were UAN CC-S2 (1), a genotype of Physalis angulata (2), UAN CP-S2 (3), Gran Esmeralda (4), UAN CJ-S2 (5), Rendidora (6), and UAN 133- 05 (7). The crosses, plant to plant, were done under greenhouse conditions in autumn-winter of 2012; the evaluation of the crosses and the parents were done in the municipality of General Cepeda, Coahuila, Mexico, in the spring-summer of 2013, under a randomized block design with three repetitions. In yield, the best cross was 3*4, with yields of 47.19 t.ha-1, heterosis of 35.93%, and heterobeltiosis of 20.85%; however the 1*6 cross presented the highest values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis, 117.91 and 117.62% respectively; in number of fruits per plant, crosses 7*3 showed the highest values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis, 109.19 and 89.96% respectively; in terms of average fruit weight, equatorial diameter of fruit, and polar diameter of fruit, the best cross was the 3*4, that presented heterosis of 41.17, 11.40, and 12.56%, and heterobeltiosis of 37.99, 9.26, and 12.03%, respectively, although cross 1*5 values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in average weight were 115.91 and 107.83% respectively. Among the populations studied there is genetic divergence, since they presented high values of heterosis; in addition, the maternal effects significantly influenced the variables under study, indicating the best direction of the cross.El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar los progenitores y sus cruzas, y estimar la heterosis y la heterobeltiosis en híbridos de tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot). Los progenitores fueron UAN CC-S2 (1), un genotipo de Physalis angulata (2), UAN CP-S2 (3), Gran Esmeralda (4), UAN CJ-S2 (5), Rendidora (6) y UAN 133-05 (7). Los cruzamientos planta a planta fueron en invernadero, en otoño-invierno de 2012; la evaluación de cruzas y progenitores se realizó en el municipio de General Cepeda, Coahuila, México, en primavera-verano de 2013, bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En cuanto a rendimiento, la cruza más rendidora fue 3*4, con rendimientos de 47.19 t.ha-1, heterosis de 35.93% y heterobeltiosis de 20.85%; sin embargo, la cruza 1*6 presentó valores mayores de heterosis y heterobeltiosis, 117.91 y 117.62% respectivamente. Para número de frutos por planta, la cruza 7*3 mostró los valores de heterosis y heterobeltiosis mayores, 109.19 y 89.96% respectivamente. En cuanto a peso promedio del fruto, diámetro ecuatorial del fruto y diámetro polar del fruto, la mejor cruza fue la 3*4, que presentó heterosis de 41.17, 11.40 y 12.56% y heterobeltiosis de 37.99, 9.26 y 12.03% respectivamente, si bien la cruza 1*5 mostró valores de 115.91% de heterosis y 107.83% de heterobeltiosis en peso promedio del fruto. Entre las poblaciones estudiadas existe divergencia genética, puesto que presentaron altos valores de heterosis; además, los efectos maternos influyeron de forma significativa en las variables en estudio, indicando la mejor dirección de la cruza

Estimación de la aptitud combinatoria en poblaciones de tomate de cáscara

El tomate de cáscara Physalis ixocarpa Brot. es una de las especies hortícolas más importantes en México, el número limitado de híbridos y variedades mejoradas de alto rendimiento, demanda la búsqueda de genotipos con alta aptitud combinatoria general (ACG) y aptitud combinatoria especifica (ACE) para el desarrollo de variedades o híbridos superiores. El objetivo fue estimar la ACG y ACE en las poblaciones UAN CC-S2, UAN CPP-S2, UAN SE3 y la variedad Rendidora, seis cruzas directas y seis reciprocas, de acuerdo al método i modelo 2 de Griffing. Los cruzamientos fueron realizados en el otoño de 2012 y la evaluación de progenitores e híbridos en la primavera-verano de 2013, en las localidades de Saltillo y General Cepeda Coahuila, bajo un arreglo experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. El análisis estadístico combinado permitió identificar diferencias significativas en cruzas, ACG, ACE, efectos maternos (EM) y efectos recíprocos (ER), en el rendimiento y sus componentes, se identificó a las poblaciones UAN CPP-S2 y UAN SE3 con altos valores de ACG. Las tres cruzas sobresalientes fueron; UAN CC-S2 x Rendidora (26.25 t ha-1) y ACG (-5.718) ACE (3.501), se podría utilizar como variedad de polinización libre, por lo tanto se recomiendan para su uso en programas de mejoramiento genético

Plastic colored paddings and its effect on the foliar micromorphology of husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.)

Objective: To assess the effect of colored plastic paddings on the foliar micromorphology of husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). Design / methodology / approach: A completely randomized statistical model was used with five treatments (black, white, blue, red and green paddings) with three repetitions each, 95% reliability and Tukey's mean test (P ? 0.05). To quantify the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) a portable GreenSeeker® sensor was used. To measurement of total soluble solids a Atago® Digital refractometer, the density and stomatal index, length and width of stomata were determined with a Carl Zeiss microscope with an integrated camera and the AxionVisionRel measurement software 4.8. Results: The results show no significant differences in the NDVI and total soluble solids. The micromorphological variables of adaxial stomatal density and adaxial stomatal index were superior in the blue paddings and exceeded black paddings in 95 % and 50 % respectively. The rest of the micromorphological variables were statistically similar, the yield per plant was statistically similar in the black, white, red and green, while blue paddings yield less. Study limitations / implications: blue paddings improve micromorphological characteristics, but not the yield of husk tomato crops. Findings / conclusions: Some of the foliar micromorphological characteristics of the husk tomato crop are modified by colored plastic paddings; however, the improvement in these variables does not necessarily improve the crop yield, probably due to the absorbed and reflected radiation by the colored plastic paddings

Nutritional and nutraceutical changes in blue corn (Zea mays) stored at different temperatures

AbstractRecently, blue/purple maize has gained prominence for its beneficial health properties, however, in Mexico, post-harvest handling of pigmented corn grains reaches losses of up to 80%, where in addition to quantity, nutritional and nutraceutical quality is seriously affected by inadequate storage conditions. The objective of this research was to quantify the nutritional and nutraceutical changes in blue corn grains stored for four months at 6, 25, and 35 °C. The results indicate that, at the fourth month of storage, temperatures affected the nutritional content to a different extent, with decreases of 66.83% in moisture and 57.79% in protein, and with increases of 10.92% in carbohydrates and 49.67% in starch. The concentration of phenols, flavonoids and total anthocyanins decreased by 49.33, 61.09 and 53.33%, after four months of storage at 35 °C, which were reflected in reductions in antioxidant capacity by 17.87, 17.84 and 18.93% for 2, 2− diphenyl − 1−picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3−ethylbenzothiazoline −6−sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), respectively. However, no significant changes in the nutraceutical content were generated during the storage of the grains at 6 °C. High temperatures over a prolonged storage period could seriously affect the concentrations of functional compounds in blue/purple corn kernels before consumption

Agronomic Response of Bell Pepper to the Aplicatión of Ultrasol Chile® in Fertigatión to the Open Field

Aims: To determine the agronomic response of the bell pepper grown in open field to the application of the Ultrasol chile® fertilizer via fertigation. Study Design: It was with the completely randomized model with five treatments (T0 or control, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 g L-1 of Ultrasol chile®) and four repetitions each. The comparison of means was by Tukey ≤ .05. Place and Duration of Study: Experimental fields "the Bajío” Buenavista, Plant Breeding Department of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. between June 2019 to December 2019. Methodology: In bell pepper five treatments were applied (T0 or control, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 g L-1 of Ultrasol chile®). The treatments were carried out via fertigation and applied three times a week, the applications started 15 days after the transplant and until the end of the cycle. Results: The yield behaved in a similar way with the applied doses of the fertilizer, however, they exceeded the control by more than 90%. Average fruit weight (AFW), fruit length (FL) and equatorial diameter of fruit (EDF) showed a differential statistical response, in which the application of 1 g L-1 of Ultrasol chile® via fertigation resulted in a better response and it surpassed the control in 120, 44 and 13.5% respectively. The height of the plant was statistically similar between the control and the 1.2 and 0.8 g L-1 treatments. The correlations indicate that the crop yield is a function of the AFW, FL and NFP, in turn the FL and EDF, are what determine the AFW. Conclusion: The most appropriate dose of Ultrasol chile® for bell pepper grown in the open field was 1 g L-1, since it improves the average weight of fruit, equatorial diameter of fruit and length of fruit, therefore, there is feasibility in the use of this commercial formulation

Developing a Descriptive Sensory Characterization of Flour Tortilla Applying Flash Profile

For any food, it is important to know consumption, preference, and the characteristics as quality parameters that are important to consumers of a product. The descriptive methodologies are an important tool to know the quality attributes of the products. Within these methodologies is the flash profile (FP), which is based on the generation of the distinctive attributes of the products without any expensive and time-consuming training sessions. The aim of this research was to study the consumption and preference of flour tortillas by consumers and to develop the descriptive characterization of the tortillas by using the flash profile method. The wheat flour tortillas used were two commercial and two handcrafted samples. Ten experienced panelists participated as the FP panel. The panelists generated 22 descriptors, six for texture, seven for appearance, five for odor, and four for flavor. These descriptors differentiate the samples of the flour tortillas. The panelists’ performance was assessed using the consensus index (Rc = 0.508). The first two dimensions of the Generalized Procrustes Analysis represent 83.78% of the data variability. Flash profile proved to be an easy and rapid technique that allowed the distinctive attributes of flour tortillas to be obtained

Efecto del portainjerto en el índice y densidad estomática de pimiento morrón Capsicum annuum var. annuum

The aim was to determine the effect of the rootstock and graft on the stomatal index and density of pepper chili. The treatments were grafted and ungrafted pepper, with five replicates. Stomatal density, index, length and width were determined with a Carl Zeeis microscope with an integrated camera and AxionVisionRel.4.8 measuring software. Significant differences were found in adaxial and abaxial stomatal density and index, with the grafted pepper surpassing the ungrafted pepper by 26.20, 21.07 and 8.74%, respectively. The ungrafted pepper surpassed the grafted pepper by 8.51% in density of abaxial epidermal cells, while the grafted pepper surpassed the ungrafted pepper by 8.64 and 11.22% in stomatal length and width, respectively. The rootstock increased the stomatal index and density of the surface and underside, as well as the size of stomata and epidermal cells of the underside, thereby modifying the physiological behavior of the plant.El objetivo fue determinar el efecto del portainjerto y del injerto en el índice y la densidad estomática del chile pimiento. Los tratamientos fueron, pimiento injertado y sin injertar, con cinco repeticiones. La densidad e índice estomático, largo y ancho de estomas se determinaron con un microscopio Carl Zeeis con cámara integrada y software de medición AxionVisionRel.4.8. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en densidad e índice estomático adaxial y abaxial, superando el pimiento injertado al sin injertar en 26.20, 21.07 y 8.74%, respectivamente. El pimiento sin injertar superó en 8.51% al injertado en densidad de células epidérmicas abaxiales, mientras que el largo y ancho de estomas del pimiento injertado superó en 8.64 y 11.22% al sin injertar. El portainjerto incrementó el índice y la densidad estomática del haz y del envés, tamaño de estomas y células epidérmicas del envés, modificando el comportamiento fisiológico de la planta