Epidemiología y diversidad genética del virus de la hepatitis C en la región central de Argentina

El virus de la hepatitis C (HCV) es el principal agente causante de hepatitis crónica, en el mundo. Basado en la divergencia de la secuencia de nucleótidos se lo ha clasificado en 6 genotipos y varios subtipos. La distribución de genotipos ha sido asociada a vías específicas de transmisión y a los movimientos poblacionales. Esta diversidad constituye las bases del manejo clínico del paciente y provee la información decisiva para las estrategias terapéuticas. Asimismo, la heterogeneidad genética de HCV continúa siendo el mayor obstáculo para el desarrollo de vacunas y terapias efectivas. Estudios previos realizados en Argentina demuestran que la distribución de genotipos es diferente entre regiones geográficas muy cercanas. En general el genotipo 1 es el más prevalente en la región este de nuestro país y en la región central existe una particular alta prevalencia de genotipo 2 (HCV-2) (>55%), 2c, y HCV-1 en usuarios de drogas endovenosas. A fin de confirmar la existencia de dos eventos de transmisión independientes con claras implicancias clínico terapéuticas, el objetivo de este proyecto es completar y profundizar el estudio del proceso de diversificación de estos genotipos en Córdoba mediante análisis moleculares y bioinformáticos. Así, más muestras y otras regiones genómicas deberían ser analizadas (NS5B/E2) para determinar el origen y caracterizar los patrones de diversificación. En este sentido, un reciente estudio serológico, realizado por personal del ministerio de Salud, que involucró a 3782 individuos habitantes de cuatro áreas geográficas de la provincia de Córdoba reveló una alta prevalencia de HCV (>5%). Dichas muestras son la base del estudio propuesto en este pla

Dermatological remedies in the traditional pharmacopoeia of Vulture-Alto Bradano, inland southern Italy

Dermatological remedies make up at least one-third of the traditional pharmacopoeia in southern Italy. The identification of folk remedies for the skin is important both for the preservation of traditional medical knowledge and in the search for novel antimicrobial agents in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). Our goal is to document traditional remedies from botanical, animal, mineral and industrial sources for the topical treatment of skin ailments. In addition to SSTI remedies for humans, we also discuss certain ethnoveterinary applications. Field research was conducted in ten communities in the Vulture-Alto Bradano area of the Basilicata province, southern Italy. We randomly sampled 112 interviewees, stratified by age and gender. After obtaining prior informed consent, we collected data through semi-structured interviews, participant-observation, and small focus groups techniques. Voucher specimens of all cited botanic species were deposited at FTG and HLUC herbaria located in the US and Italy. We report the preparation and topical application of 116 remedies derived from 38 plant species. Remedies are used to treat laceration, burn wound, wart, inflammation, rash, dental abscess, furuncle, dermatitis, and other conditions. The pharmacopoeia also includes 49 animal remedies derived from sources such as pigs, slugs, and humans. Ethnoveterinary medicine, which incorporates both animal and plant derived remedies, is addressed. We also examine the recent decline in knowledge regarding the dermatological pharmacopoeia. The traditional dermatological pharmacopoeia of Vulture-Alto Bradano is based on a dynamic folk medical construct of natural and spiritual illness and healing. Remedies are used to treat more than 45 skin and soft tissue conditions of both humans and animals. Of the total 165 remedies reported, 110 have never before been published in the mainland southern Italian ethnomedical literature

Conceptual Framework for a Data Model to Support Asset Management Decision-Making Process

Part 4: Product and Asset Life Cycle Management in Smart Factories of Industry 4.0International audienceInformation and data management is nowadays a central issue to support the Asset Management (AM) decision-making process. Manufacturing companies have to take different decisions along the asset lifecycle and at different organisational levels, and, to this end, they require proper information and data management. In the literature, besides the crucial role played by information and data, there is evidence of existing gaps, especially related to information management and integration, and transformation of data into useful information. Thus, a conceptual framework is proposed to guide the definition of a data model to fulfil the previously identified gap. Generally, the framework aims at contributing to the improvement of the integration of information along the AM decision-making process. Specifically, it is intended to be aligned with the AM theory and, in particular, its fundamentals defined in the scientific literature and the ISO 5500x body of standards. Overall, thanks to the improvement of the information management and integration along with the AM decision-making, the expectation is to be capable of achieving more value-oriented decisions for the asset lifecycle

Test of a Novel Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 6C Type Specific Polyclonal Antiserum (Factor Antiserum 6d) and Characterisation of Serotype 6C Isolates in Denmark

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In 2007, Park <it>et al. </it>identified a novel serotype among <it>Streptococcus pneumoniae </it>serogroup 6 which they named serotype 6C. The aim of this study was to evaluate with the Neufeld test a novel <it>S. pneumoniae </it>serotype 6C type specific polyclonal antiserum. In addition, serotype 6C isolates found in Denmark in 2007 and 2008 as well as eight old original serotype 6A isolates were characterised.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this study, 181 clinical <it>Streptococcus pneumoniae </it>isolates from Denmark 2007 and 2008 were examined; 96 isolates had previously been typed as serotype 6A and 85 as serotype 6B. In addition, eight older isolates from 1952 to 1987, earlier serotyped as 6A, were examined. Serotype 6C isolates were identified by PCR and serotyping with the Neufeld test using the novel type specific polyclonal antiserum, factor antiserum 6 d, in addition to factor antisera 6b, 6b* (absorbed free for cross-reactions to serotype 6C) and 6c. All antisera are commercially available and antiserum 6b obtained from the supplier after 1 January 2009 is antiserum 6b*. All serotype 6C isolates were further characterised using multi-locus sequence typing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>When retesting all 96 original serotype 6A isolates by PCR and the Neufeld test, 29.6% (24 of 81) of the invasive isolates in Denmark from 2007 and 2008 were recognised as serotype 6C. In addition, three of eight old isolates originally serotyped as 6A were identified to be serotype 6C. The oldest serotype 6C isolate was from 1962. The serotype 6C isolates belonged to eleven different sequence types (ST) and nine clonal complexes (CC), ST1692 (CC395), ST386 (CC386) and ST481 (CC460) were the predominant types.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We tested a novel polyclonal antiserum 6 d, as well as modified antiserum 6b*, provided a scheme for the serotyping of <it>S. pneumoniae </it>serogroup 6 using the Neufeld test and compared the serotyping method with PCR based methods. The two types of methods provided the same results. In future, it will, therefore, be possible to test also serotype 6C in accordance to the standard method for serotyping of <it>S. pneumoniae </it>recommended by WHO.</p> <p>Among all invasive isolates from Denmark 2007 and 2008, serotype 6C constituted 29.6% of the original serotype 6A isolates. The serotype 6C isolates were found to be diverse belonging to a number of different STs and CCs of which most have been observed in other countries previously. Serotype 6C is regarded as an "old" serotype being present among <it>S. pneumoniae </it>isolates in Denmark for at least 48 years. The genetic diversity of serotype 6C isolates and their genetic relationship to other serotypes suggested that serotype 6C strains may have arisen from several different independent recombination events involving different parental strains such as serotypes 6A, 6B, 23F and 4.</p

State estimation of a dehydration process by interval analysis

This article presents a general methodology of state estimation by interval analysis in a dynamic system modeled by difference equations. The methodology is applied to a pineapple osmotic dehydration process, in order to predict the behavior of the process within a range of allowed perturbation. The paper presents simulations and validations

Effect of hydrosoluble polysaccharides of Macrocystis pyrifera on physiological and metabolic responses of Litopenaeus vannamei infected with Vibrio campbellii

Adult white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei between 23 and 32 g of wet weight were injected or submerged in a hydrosoluble polysaccharides extract from Macrocystis pyrifera and infected with Vibrio campbellii. The infection decreased the oxygen consumption rate to 24 mg O2 h-1 kg-1 w.w., in shrimps of the control group, which were only infected with V. campbellii. Immunestimulated shrimps did not decrease their oxygen consumption rate at any hour p.i. (46 mg O2 h-1 kg-1 w.w.) maintaining it similar to the pre-injection group. Glucose level in the hemolymph of V. campbellii infected shrimps at two hours p.i. was significantly higher (p &gt; 0.05) than the level of the pre-injection group. L. vannamei injected with the extract showed a significant decrease (p &gt; 0.05) in their glucose level at 12 hours p.i., but at 24 hours p.i. it returned to normal level. Shrimps submerged in the extract showed no significant glucose level difference (p &lt; 0.05). Lactate concentration in the hemolymph of the pre-injection group was 11.4 mg dL-1 , but adults injected with the extract had the lowest lactate levels throughout the experiment. Shrimps submerged in the extract decreased lactate levels at 6 and 12 hours p.i. but at 24 hours p.i. the level returned to 9.0 mg dL-1 . The total protein concentration in the hemolymph of pre-injection group was 115.3 mg mL-1 , shrimp injected with saline solution showed no significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) compared to basal control; shrimps injected with V. campbellii had the lowest values of total proteins 6 hours p.i (p &gt; 0.05) immunoestimulated shrimps showed an increase in their total proteins levels. This study concluded that administration of extract of M. pyrifera via injection and immersion in adult white shrimp can be used for immunostimulation purposes

Lactobacillus casei strain GG in the treatment of infants with acute watery diarrhea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial [ISRCTN67363048]

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant therapy to ORT with probiotic bacteria for infants with acute watery diarrhea has been under active investigation. Most studies have been done in the developed world showing benefit only for viral mild gastroenteritis. We evaluated the effect of a milk formula containing one billion (10(9)) cfu/ml of Lactobacillus casei strain GG (LGG) upon duration and severity of diarrhea in infants in an environment with more severe acute diarrhea, where etiologic agents other than rotavirus are involved more frequently, and where mixed infections are more prevalent. METHODS: Male infants aged 3–36 months brought for treatment of acute watery diarrhea of less than 48 hours were eligible. After rehydration was completed with the WHO's oral rehydration solution, patients were randomly assigned to receive a milk formula either containing LGG or not. Stool volume was periodically measured using a devise suited to collect stools separate from urine. Duration of diarrhea was estimated based on stools physical characteristics. RESULTS: Eighty nine patients received the placebo milk formula and ninety received the LGG containing formula. Both groups were comparable in their baseline characteristics. Total stool output was significantly larger (p = 0.047) in the LGG group (247.8 ml/kg) than in the placebo group (195.0 ml/kg). No significant differences were found in duration of diarrhea (58.5 hours with LGG vs. 50.4 hours with placebo), rate of treatment failure (21.1% with LGG vs. 18.0% with placebo), and proportion of patients with unresolved diarrhea after 120 hours (12.2% with LGG vs. 12.5% with placebo). The rate of stools with reducing substances after 24 hours of treatment increased significantly in both groups (from 41.4% to 72.2% with LGG and from 45.9% to 68.0% with placebo). CONCLUSION: This study did not show a positive effect of LGG on the clinical course of acute watery diarrhea. Positive beneficial effects of LGG, as had been reported elsewhere, could have been masked in our study by worsening diarrhea due to transient lactose malabsorption. Further studies with low-lactose or non-lactose conveyors of LGG are desirable

Epidemiología y diversidad genética del virus de la hepatitis c en la región central de Argentina

El virus de la hepatitis C (HCV) es el principal agente causante de hepatitis crónica en el mundo. Basado en la divergencia de la secuencia de nucleótidos se lo ha clasificado en 6 genotipos y varios subtipos. La distribución de genotipos ha sido asociada a vías específicas de transmisión y a los movimientos poblacionales. Esta diversidad constituye las bases del manejo clínico del paciente y provee la información decisiva para las estrategias terapéuticas. Asimismo, la heterogeneidad genética de HCV continúa siendo el mayor obstáculo para el desarrollo de vacunas y terapias efectivas. Estudios previos realizados en Argentina demuestran que la distribución de genotipos es diferente entre regiones geográficas muy cercanas. En general el genotipo 1 es el más prevalente en la región este de nuestro país y en la región central existe una particular alta prevalencia de genotipo 2 (HCV-2) (>55%), 2c, y HCV-1 en usuarios de drogas endovenosas. A fin de confirmar la existencia de dos eventos de transmisión independientes con claras implicancias clínico terapéuticas, el objetivo de este proyecto es completar y profundizar el estudio del proceso de diversificación de estos genotipos en Córdoba mediante análisis moleculares y bioinformáticos. Así, más muestras y otras regiones genómicas deberían ser analizadas (NS5B/E2) para determinar el origen y caracterizar los patrones de diversificación. En este sentido, un reciente estudio serológico, realizado por personal del ministerio de Salud, que involucró a 3782 individuos habitantes de cuatro áreas geográficas de la provincia de Córdoba reveló una alta prevalencia de HCV (>5%). Dichas muestras son la base del estudio propuesto en este plan.Fil: Re, Viviana Elizabeth. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; ArgentinaFil: Elbarcha, Osvaldo César.Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Argentin