Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin in goats following single intravenous administration

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in serum (n = 6) and urine (n = 4) in goats following a single intravenous administration of 4 mg/kg body weight. The serum concentration-time curves of ciprofloxacin were best fitted by a two-compartment open model. The drug was detected in goat serum up to 12 h. The elimination rate constant (β) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) were 0.446 ± 0.04 h-1 and 1.630 ± 0.17 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 2.012 ± 0.37 l/kg and the total body clearance (ClB) was 16.27 ± 1.87 ml/min/kg. Urinary recovery of ciprofloxacin was 29.70% ± 10.34% of the administered dose within 36 h post administration. In vitro serum protein binding was 41% ± 13.10%. Thus, a single daily intravenous dose of 4 mg/kg is sufficient to maintain effective levels in serum and for 36 h in urine, allowing treatment of systemic, Gram-negative bacterial infections and urinary tract infections by most pathogens

Interplay of the Quality of Ciprofloxacin and Antibiotic Resistance in Developing Countries

Ciprofloxacin, a second generation broad spectrum fluoroquinolone, is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ciprofloxacin has a high oral bioavailability and a large volume of distribution. It is used for the treatment of a wide range of infections including urinary tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria. However, the availability and use of substandard and spurious quality of oral ciprofloxacin formulations in the developing countries has been thought to have contributed toward increased risk of treatment failure and bacterial resistance. Therefore, quality control and bioequivalence studies of the commercially available oral ciprofloxacin formulations should be monitored. Appropriate actions should be taken against offending manufacturers in order to prevent the sale of substandard and spurious quality of ciprofloxacin formulations

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in patients with chronic liver disease.

The pharmacokinetics of the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine were studied from 0 to 72 hours after a single dose of 20 mg in 5 patients with chronic hepatocellular liver disease (group A), in 5 patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease (group B), and in 16 healthy volunteers. The renal function of patients and volunteers was normal (creatinine clearance > or = 70 mL/min). Cetirizine pharmacokinetics were similar in the two groups of patients. The elimination t1/2 was prolonged in patients (mean +/- standard deviation; group A: 14.32 +/- 2.30 hours; group B: 13.86 +/- 3.14 hours) in comparison with the values observed in volunteers (9.42 +/- 2.4 hours). A reduced apparent oral body clearance also was observed in patients (group A: .48 +/- .23 mL/min/kg; group B: .41 +/- .09 mL/min/kg) in comparison with volunteers (.74 +/- .19 mL/min/kg). No differences were observed in the mean cumulative urinary excretion between patients (group A: 69 +/- 15%; group B: 69 +/- 13%) and volunteers (70.7 +/- 7.8%)