Fatores condicionantes na gênese dos argilominerais dos folhelhos negros e pelitos associados da formação Irati no norte da bacia do Paraná

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, 2008.A Formação Irati (Permiano) apresenta uma ampla distribuição na Bacia do Paraná, estendendo-se desde os estados de Goiás e Mato Grosso, ao norte, até o Rio Grande do Sul. Esta unidade encontra-se frequentemente intrudida por sills de diabásio, cujo calor altera a mineralogia inicial das rochas sedimentares. A geometria heterogênea da bacia na época de deposição propiciou o desenvolvimento de diferentes fácies sedimentares nessa unidade, favorecendo a deposição de rochas terrígenas ao sul da bacia e carbonáticas e evaporíticas ao norte. No norte da bacia, área de estudo desta tese, seis fácies sedimentares foram reconhecidas na Formação Irati: Fácies Carbonática Dolomítica, Fácies Pelítica Inferior, Fácies Carbonática Oolítica, Fácies Pelítica Superior, Fácies Estromatolítica e Fácies Carbonática Rosada. As quatro primeiras fácies ocorrem em toda borda norte da bacia, e as duas últimas aparecem somente na região de Alto Garças. A composição mineralógica dos pelitos dessa região, assim como as feições sedimentares, distinguem-se de seus equivalentes nas demais regiões da bacia. Os folhelhos negros e os níveis de argilito verde intercalados são anomalamente formados por Mg- e Fe-esmectitas, saponita e nontronita respectivamente, e destacam-se ainda pela baixa concentração de Al e álcalis. A saponita ocorre tanto nos folhelhos sem influência térmica de sills quanto nos folhelhos próximos a esses corpos ígneos, onde está associada aos minerais metamórficos: talco, serpentina, piroxênio e plagioclásio. Os cristais metamórficos são diferenciados dos componentes sedimentares a partir de suas feições texturais e quantidades relativas. Os folhelhos negros sem influência térmica de sills são formados predominantemente por saponita e quartzo, com contribuições de talco, nontronita e serpentina, e os argilitos verdes são formados por nontronita, lizardita e quartzo, com contribuições de saponita e talco. A formação dos argilominerais citados acima está relacionada com a alteração de minerais detríticos máficos (piroxênio, anfibólio, olivina), que podem ser provenientes ou de uma área proximal, nas vizinhanças da bacia, ou de fontes vulcânicas distais, cujos detritos foram depositados a partir da queda de cinzas na bacia. A atual configuração da área fonte ao norte da bacia não é coerente com a composição dos argilominerais (saponita, talco, lizardita, nontronite), e nem com os demais minerais detríticos (Cr-espinélio, anfibólio, piroxênio, cromita entre outros), que indicam uma fonte predomiantemente máfica/ultramáfica. Um nível de argilito verde intercalado nos folhelhos negros, formado principalmente por nontronita e quartzo, apresenta quantidades anômalas de zircão, monazita, apatita e cromita, além de altos teores de ETR e acentuada anomalia em Ce. Essas características indicam a contribuição de cinzas vulcânicas na formação desse argilito, que segundo sua composição geoquímica, possui afinidade com rochas vulcânicas andesíticas. Atividades vulcânicas permianas com uma composição intermediária a básica são reconhecidas no Grupo Mitu, na porção central dos Andes. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe Permian Irati Formation has an extensive distribution in the Paraná basin, and is frequently intruded by diabase sills. The heterogeneous geometry of the basin in the depositional time propitiated the development of different sedimentary facies in this unit and favored the deposition of terrigenous rocks in the south portion of the basin and carbonate and evaporitic rocks in the north portion. In the north area, six sedimentary facies were distinguished in the Irati Formation: Dolomitic Carbonate Facies, Lower Pelitic Facies, Oolitic Carbonate Facies, Upper Pelitic Facies, Stromatolitic Facies and Pink Carbonate Facies. The first four facies are recognized in all the north area of the basin, but the last two ones occur only next to Alto Garças city. The pelites of these facies have a distinct mineral composition when compared with other areas of the basin. The black shales and green claystones interbedded have low amounts of Al and alkalis and they are anomalously formed of saponite and nontronite respectively. Saponite occurs in rocks without sill thermal influence and also in the contact with intrusive rocks. Thus, it is necessary to identify the non-metamorphic assemblages from the metamorphic ones in order to research the geochemical signature of the sediment sources. Next to the sills, the crystals of saponite, talc, lizardite, pyroxene and plagioclase were formed. These metamorphic minerals can be distinguished from the sedimentary ones by their relative quantities and texture. The black shales without sill thermal influence are formed predominantly by saponite and quartz, with less amounts of talc, lizardite and nontronite. The interbedded green claystones are composed of nontronite, lizardite and quartz, and in lesser amounts of talc and saponite. The formation of the Mg- and Fe-rich clay minerals is related to the alteration of mafic minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, olivine), whose origin could be either a proximal source area or a distal contemporaneous active volcanos (ashes). The clay minerals components of the pelites (saponite, talc, lizardite and nontronite) as well as the detrital minerals associated (Cr-spinel, amphibole, pyroxene, chromite among others) indicate a source area with a predominant mafic/ultramafic composition. One level of green claystone formed by nontronite and quartz has anomalous amounts of euhedral zircon, monazite, apatite and chromite, as well as high amounts of REE. These features indicate an important volcanic ash contribution to this level. According to their geochemical composition, these volcanic ashes have an andesitic composition. Permian volcanic activities with intermediate to basic composition are recorded in the Mitu Group, Central Andes. _______________________________________________________________________________ RÉSUMÉLa Formation Irati (Permien) présente une vaste distribution dans le Bassin du Paraná, depuis les états de Goiás et de Mato Grosso, au nord, jusqu'à le Rio Grande do Sul, au sud du Brésil. Cette unité fréquemment se trouve traversée par sills de diabase, dont la chaleur change la minéralogie initiale des roches sédimentaires. La géométrie hétérogène du bassin à l'époque de dépôt a rendu propice le développement de différentes faciès sédimentaires dans cette unité, favorisant le dépôt de roches terrigènes au sud du bassin et carbonatées et évaporitiques au nord. Au nord du bassin, où se trouve le secteur d'étude de cette thèse, six faciès sédimentaires ont été reconnues pour la Formation Irati: Faciès Carbonaté Dolomitique, Faciès Pélitique Inférieur, Faciès Carbonaté Oolitique, Faciès Pélitique Supérieur, Faciès Stromatolitique et Faciès Carbonaté Rosé. Les quatre premiers faciès sont reconnus dans tout le bord nord du bassin, et les deux derniers arrivent seulement dans la région de Alto Garças - MT. La composition minéralogique des pélites de cette région, ainsi que les caractéristiques sédimentaires, se distinguent de leurs équivalents dans les autres régions du bassin. Les black shales et les niveaux d'argillite verte intercalés sont composés anormalement de smectites-Mg et -Fe, saponite et nontronite respectivement. Elles se distinguent en outre par la basse concentration d'Al et des álcalis. Pour la caractérisation de la paragenèse sédimentaire de ces pelites, il faut premièrement identifier l'influence de la chaleur des sills sous ces roches. La saponite est encore présente dans le contact avec les corps ignés. Proche des sills, la formation de saponite s’accompagne de talc, serpentine, pyroxène et plagioclase. Les cristaux métamorphiques ont été différenciés des composantes sédimentaires à partir des caractéristiques texturales et quantités relatives. Les black shales sans influence thermique de sills sont formés majoritairement par de la saponite et du quartz, avec des petites quantités de talc, nontronite et serpentine. Les argillites vertes sont formées par de la nontronite, lizardite et quartz, avec des contributions de saponite et de talc. La formation des minéraux argileux mentionnés ci-dessus est rapportée à l’altération des minéraux détritiques mafiques (pyroxène, amphibole, olivine), qui peuvent provenir ou d'un secteur proximal, dans les voisinages du bassin, ou de sources volcaniques distantes dont les débris ont été déposés à partir de la chute de cendres dans le bassin. L'actuelle configuration du secteur source au nord du bassin n'est pas cohérente avec la composition des minéraux argileux des pelites (saponite, talc, lizardite, nontronite), ni avec les autres minéraux détritiques associés (spinelle, amphibole, pyroxène, chromite entre autres). Ces derniers indiquent une source composée principalement par des roches mafiques/ultramafiques. Un niveau d'argilitte verte intercalée dans les black shales est formé principalement par de la nontronite et du quartz. Elle présente des quantités anormales de zircon, monazite, apatite et chromite, et de hautes teneurs en ETR. L’anomalie en Cérium et accentuée. Ces caractéristiques indiquent la contribution de cendres volcaniques dans la formation de cette argilitte, qui selon sa composition géochimique possède une affinité avec des roches andésitiques. Des activités volcaniques permiennes avec une composition intermédiaire à basique sont reconnues dans le Groupe Mitu, dans la portion centrale de Andes

Saponite-rich black shales and nontronite beds of the Permian Irati Formation : Sediment sources and thermal metamorphism (Paraná Basin, Brazil)

Shales and claystones in the Permian Irati Formation consist of Al-rich or Fe-Mg clay minerals in its southern/central and northern parts, respectively. The constrasting compositions indicate particular geological and paleo-environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions of formation by characterizing the black shales and claystones from different sections of the northern edge of the basin, some of which reveal the presence of intruded diabase sills. Black shales consist of saponite or saponite-talc mixed layers, talc, lizardite, nontronite, and quartz. Green claystones are nontronite-rich but also contain lizardite, talc, and quartz. The chemical compositions of the black shale and claystones, except for one sample (POR-56), exhibit a positive correlation of the TiO, Cr, and PO contents with AlO, which typically results from weathering processes. The presence of saponite, nontronite, and some accessory minerals (spinel, pyroxene, native silver) suggests altered basic-ultrabasic rocks as sediment sources, consistent with the rare earth element (REE) composition being less than the Post-Archean Average Shale (PAAS) or North American Shale Composite (NASC) levels and with negative Ce and Eu anomalies. Sample POR-56 consists largely of nontronite and is anomalously rich in zircon, monazite, and apatite. Chemically, sample POR-56 is different from the black shales and claystones, being richer in AlO-FeO, MgO-poor, and having greater REE contents than the PAAS or NASC standards. The POR-56 bed is probably a bentonite resulting from the alteration of volcanic ash in sea water (strong, negative Ce anomaly). The Zr/TiO vs. Nb/Y relation indicates that the magmatism was andesitic. During the Upper Permian, intermediate to basic volcanic activity was recorded in the Mitu Group of the Central Andes. Close to the diabase sill, the black shales and claystones contain saponite, talc, and lizardite but nontronite is absent. Saponite and talc crystals, however, exhibit a larger coherent scattering domain size (CSDS) and are randomly oriented with respect to the sedimentary bedding. The thermal metamorphism effect is confirmed by the presence of secondary enstatite-augite and albite crystals