Pertumbuhan Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) pada Berbagai Komposisi Media Tanam Serbuk Gergaji Kayu dan Serbuk Sabut Kelapa (Cocopeat)

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media tanam serbuk gergaji kayu dan serbuk sabut kelapa (cocopeat) pada berbagai komposisi berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap waktu awal tumbuh miselium, serta berpengaruh nyata terhadap waktu pemenuhan miselium (full colony), lebar tudung, panjang tangkai, dan berat basah jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus). Sedangkan media tanam serbuk gergaji kayu dan tanpa serbuk sabut kelapa (cocopeat) yaitu pada (S0) yang paling efektif pada waktu awal tumbuh miselium (44.38 HSI). Perlakuan (S2) yang paling efektif terhadap waktu pemenuhan miselium (full colony) (64.00 HSI). Sedangkan (S3) yang efektif pada lebar tudung (66.85 cm), panjang tangkai (46.53 cm), dan berat basah (89.69 gr) jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Charge and Exciton Dynamics in Organic Optoelectronic Devices

Organic optoelectronics use carbon-based molecules to interface between light and electrical signals. The operation of these devices is determined by the dynamic behaviors of their charges and excited states. For example, organic light-emitting diodes use injected electrical charges to form excited states that, in turn, emit light. Organic photovoltaics and photodetectors operate by the reverse process. Understanding the dynamics of charges and excited states is crucial to designing high performance devices. The first part of this thesis focuses on understanding charge and exciton dynamics in organic light emitting devices. First, charge balance and exciton confinement in blue-emitting phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes are studied using sensitizer methods and an analytical model based on drift-diffusion transport. We find that triplet excitons leak into the hole transporting layer at high current densities and improve device performance by incorporating a high triplet energy blocking layer to prevent such leakage. The impact of changes in charge balance and exciton confinement on the lifetime of blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes is also investigated. We find that that contribution of loss of charge balance is negligible, and that increased exciton leakage is responsible for less than 4% of luminance loss. The understanding gained in these studies is then applied to the design of a highly reliable stacked white-emitting device for solid state lighting. These devices employ red-emitting blocking layers as well as highly stable, low voltage charge generation layers. A five-stack device achieves 2780 K coordinated color temperature with a high color rendering index of 89 and 80±20 krs lifetime (T70, 1000 cd/m2). The second part focuses on charge diffusion in organic heterostructures laterally, i.e, in plane with the thin film. Because of the low charge mobilities of organic semiconductors, organic devices are typically thin with negligible lateral charge transport. We show that charge can be transported laterally across centimeters in certain organic heterostructures. This phenomenon arises from the combination of a trap-free, high diffusivity channel material and energetic confinement of carriers that prevents rapid recombination. The confining energy barrier arises from a polarization shift of the acceptor material when blended with a highly dipolar donor. Lateral transport heterostructures are then used to develop the first organic charge-coupled devices. We observe clear charge-coupled transport of photogenerated charge packets in a linear four-pixel shift register. Calculations indicate that millisecond readout times are possible using many-pixel organic charge-coupled sensors, and strategies for the improvement of these devices are discussed.PHDPhysicsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151382/1/calebcob_1.pd

Reliable, All-Phosphorescent Stacked White Organic Light Emitting Devices with a High Color Rendering Index

High efficiency solid state lighting devices have the potential to significantly reduce lighting energy usage while also offering good color rendering and longer lifetimes than conventional lighting sources. While organic light emitting diodes are promising candidates for this application, their operational lifetime is limited by the blue phosphorescent chromophore. We demonstrate stacked white phosphorescent light emitting devices (SWOLEDs) with lifetimes (as determined from the time it takes to lose 30% of the initial luminance of 1000 cd/m²) of up to 80000 h. The correlated color temperature of the devices ranges between 2780 and 3300 K, with color rendering index as high as 89. The three emitter (red, green, and blue) devices contain up to five stacked elements and employ red emitting blocking layers, stable charge generation layers, graded doping, and hot excited state management to achieve long lifetime. The materials and layer structures used and design principles for SWOLEDs are discussed

Efficient Outcoupling of Organic Light-Emitting Devices Using a Light-Scattering Dielectric Layer

It has long been a challenge to develop a highly efficient outcoupling method for organic light-emitting diodes that is independent of wavelength and viewing angle, as well as being nonintrusive into the device structure. Here, we demonstrate a transparent, top emitting structure integrated with a high index of refraction waveguide layer and a rough, dielectric diffuse reflector that eliminates plasmonic, waveguide, and substrate modes without introducing wavelength and viewing-angle dependence. The simple outcoupling structure increases the external quantum efficiency from 15 ± 2% to 37 ± 4% compared to an analogous device with a metal mirror, corresponding to a 2.5-fold enhancement without requiring the use of additional outcoupling structures such as microlens arrays or index matching layers to extract substrate modes. The method is potentially suitable for low-cost, solid-state lighting due to its simplicity and high outcoupling efficiency

Blue Emissive fac/mer‐Iridium (III) NHC Carbene Complexes and their Application in OLEDs

The photophysical and electrochemical properties of N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes of Iridium (III) (Ir(C^C:)3, where C^C: = N‐phenyl,N‐methyl‐pyrazinoimidazol‐2‐yl (pmpz), N,N‐di‐p‐tolyl‐pyrazinoimidazol‐2‐yl (tpz)) are reported. Facial and meridional isomers of Ir(pmpz)3 are prepared, but only the facial isomer can be isolated for Ir(tpz)3. The fac‐Ir(pmpz)3 and fac‐Ir(tpz)3 complexes have emission maxima at 465 nm in polystyrene, whereas the emission maximum of mer‐Ir(pmpz)3 is redshifted to 495 nm. The emission energies and photoluminescent quantum yield (ΦPL) in solution decrease on going from nonpolar to polar solvents; however, all the complexes are efficient emitters in polystyrene at room temperature (ΦPL = 88–96%) and 77 K. Blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes employing fac‐Ir(tpz)3 as an emissive dopant achieves a high external electroluminescence efficiency (≈18 ± 1%) and brightness (29 000 cd m−2) at low current density.The photophysical and electrochemical properties of three N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes of Iridium (III) are reported. The complexes phosphoresce in the blue with high photoluminescent quantum yield (ΦPL = 88–96%). Blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes employing one of the complexes as a emissive dopant achieve a high external electroluminescence efficiency (≈18 ± 1%) and brightness (29 000 cd m−2).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167434/1/adom202001994.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167434/2/adom202001994-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167434/3/adom202001994_am.pd

Blue Emissive fac

The photophysical and electrochemical properties of N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes of Iridium (III) (Ir(C^C:)3, where C^C: = N‐phenyl,N‐methyl‐pyrazinoimidazol‐2‐yl (pmpz), N,N‐di‐p‐tolyl‐pyrazinoimidazol‐2‐yl (tpz)) are reported. Facial and meridional isomers of Ir(pmpz)3 are prepared, but only the facial isomer can be isolated for Ir(tpz)3. The fac‐Ir(pmpz)3 and fac‐Ir(tpz)3 complexes have emission maxima at 465 nm in polystyrene, whereas the emission maximum of mer‐Ir(pmpz)3 is redshifted to 495 nm. The emission energies and photoluminescent quantum yield (ΦPL) in solution decrease on going from nonpolar to polar solvents; however, all the complexes are efficient emitters in polystyrene at room temperature (ΦPL = 88–96%) and 77 K. Blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes employing fac‐Ir(tpz)3 as an emissive dopant achieves a high external electroluminescence efficiency (≈18 ± 1%) and brightness (29 000 cd m−2) at low current density.The photophysical and electrochemical properties of three N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes of Iridium (III) are reported. The complexes phosphoresce in the blue with high photoluminescent quantum yield (ΦPL = 88–96%). Blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes employing one of the complexes as a emissive dopant achieve a high external electroluminescence efficiency (≈18 ± 1%) and brightness (29 000 cd m−2).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167434/1/adom202001994.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167434/2/adom202001994-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167434/3/adom202001994_am.pd

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research