Changes in Cognitive Performance in a Sample of Children and Teens with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Resulting from the Armed Conflict in Colombia

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el perfil de funcionamiento cognitivo de una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes con Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) derivado del conflicto armado en Colombia con un grupo de control. La muestra estuvo conformada por 50 participantes: 25 de ellos con TEPT, víctimas de situaciones asociadas a conflicto armado y 25 provenientes de la misma zona geográfica sin antecedentes de haber vivido tales situaciones. Los grupos fueron equiparados en edad, género, nivel socioeconómico y nivel académico. Las pruebas aplicadas evaluaron la atención, la memoria y el funcionamiento ejecutivo. Los resultados señalan que los niños y adolescentes con TEPT presentan un perfil neuropsicológico caracterizado por dificultades en los procesos de atención visual para material verbal y no verbal, alteraciones en la memoria lógica, con conservación de la habilidad para realizar actividades de aprendizaje verbal y marcado compromiso en el funcionamiento ejecutivo, mostrando alteraciones en pruebas que implican control inhibitorio, pocas habilidades para monitorear la conducta y dificultades en tareas que implican flexibilidad cognitiva. Con base en los resultados, se propone un perfil de funcionamiento cognitivo de los niños y adolescentes con TEPT, que coadyuve los procesos de evaluación e intervención en el marco de los procesos de reparación integral del post conflicto en Colombia.ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive functioning profile between a sample of children and adolescences with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) derived from the arm conflict in Colombia and a control group. This study compared neuropsychological test results from a group of 50 children, 25 of them victims of an associated armed conflict situation with PTSD and 25 from the same geographical zone, without a record of going through such situation. The groups were matched by age, sex, socioeconomic status and education level. A battery of tests that assessed attention, memory and executive function was conducted. The results indicate that children with PTSD evidence a neuropsychological profile characterized by difficulties in the processes of visual attention in relation to verbal and nonverbal materials, logical memory disorders, with ability to perform verbal learning activities and notorious incidence in executive functioning. Assessment indicates changes that imply inhibitory control, poor ability to monitor the behavior, and difficulties in task that involve cognitive flexibility. Based on these scores, it is proposed a profile of cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with PTSD that could be useful to conduct more accurate assessment and clinical interventions within the framework of the Colombian post conflict process

Comunicación de sistemas eléctricos basados en la Norma IEC 61850: Desarrollo de caso usando sampled values en servicios Cliente-Servidor

Este artículo presenta una implementación del estándar internacional IEC 61850, diseñado para automatización, control y protección de subestaciones, usando servicios Cliente / Servidor, permitiendo consultar remotamente datos de variables. Con este propósito, se muestra el procedimiento realizado y se analiza la funcionalidad del protocolo de comunicaciones, desde el intercambio de datos y la información entre los dispositivos que componen la red propuesta. La realización de este trabajo se debe a la mayor penetración e influencia de la norma y cómo se debe implementar, entre otros aspectos.This article presents an implementation of IEC 61850 international standard, designed for automation, control and protection of substations, using Client / Server services, allowing to remotely query variable data. For this purpose, the procedure performed is shown and the functionality of the communications protocol is analyzed, from the exchange of data and information between the devices that make up the proposed network. The realization of this work is due to the greater penetration and influence of the norm, how it should be implemented, among other aspects

First report of the Broad-toothed Tailless Bat, Anoura latidens Handley, 1984 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in Bolivia

Anoura latidens Handley, 1984 is a nectarivorous bat with a wide elevational and latitudinal distribution, from Venezuela and Guyana to southeastern Peru. We reviewed mammal collections of the genus Anoura Gray, 1838 and identified two individuals previously attributed to A. caudifer (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818) as A. latidens based on their premolar morphology and morphological measurements. In this note we report the first record of A. latidens in the Yungas forests of Bolivia, which extends its geographic range by 1,006 km southeast of its previous southernmost record in Peru

First report of the Broad-toothed Tailless Bat, Anoura latidens Handley, 1984 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in Bolivia

Anoura latidens Handley, 1984 is a nectarivorous bat with a wide elevational and latitudinal distribution, from Venezuela and Guyana to southeastern Peru. We reviewed mammal collections of the genus Anoura Gray, 1838 and identified two individuals previously attributed to A. caudifer (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818) as A. latidens based on their premolar morphology and morphological measurements. In this note we report the first record of A. latidens in the Yungas forests of Bolivia, which extends its geographic range by 1,006 km southeast of its previous southernmost record in Peru

First report of the Broad-toothed Tailless Bat, Anoura latidens Handley, 1984 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in Bolivia

Anoura latidens Handley, 1984 is a nectarivorous bat with a wide elevational and latitudinal distribution, from Venezuela and Guyana to southeastern Peru. We reviewed mammal collections of the genus Anoura Gray, 1838 and identified two individuals previously attributed to A. caudifer (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818) as A. latidens based on their premolar morphology and morphological measurements. In this note we report the first record of A. latidens in the Yungas forests of Bolivia, which extends its geographic range by 1,006 km southeast of its previous southernmost record in Peru

Morphology and genetics concur that Anoura carishina is a synonym of Anoura latidens (Chiroptera, Glossophaginae)

Anoura carishina was described based on cranial and dental morphology, but the original analyses did not include Anoura latidens, a similar species of Anoura. We used morphological, morphometric, and genetic analyses to evaluate the taxonomic identity of A. carishina. We performed a principal components analysis to evaluate the correspondence between morphological and taxonomic groups for 260 specimens of large-bodied Anoura (A. carishina, Anoura geoffroyi, A. latidens, and Anoura peruana), and statistically analyzed traits diagnostic for A. latidens, including (1) morphology of the third upper premolar (P4), (2) size of the second (P3) and third (P4) upper premolars, and (3) angle formed by the maxillary toothrows. We find that A. latidens and A. carishina are indistinguishable, and share several characters lacking in A. geoffroyi, including a P4 with triangular shape, an under-developed anterobasal cusp in the P3, a smaller braincase, and a shorter rostrum. Phylogenetic analyses using ultra-conserved elements infer that the holotype and two paratype specimens of A. carishina are paraphyletic and nested within A. latidens, while one paratype diagnosable by morphology as A. geoffroyi nests within A. geoffroyi samples. We demonstrate that A. carishina should be considered a junior synonym of A. latidens, updating the distribution of the latter

Alteraciones en el funcionamiento cognitivo en una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes con trastorno de estrés postraumático derivado del conflicto armado en colombia (changes in cognitive performance in a sample of children and teens with post-trauma)

The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive functioning profile between a sample of children and adolescences with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) derived from the arm conflict in Colombia and a control group. This study compared neuropsychological test results from a group of 50 children, 25 of them victims of an associated armed conflict situation with PTSD and 25 from the same geographical zone, without a record of going through such situation. The groups were matched by age, sex, socioeconomic status and education level. A battery of tests that assessed attention, memory and executive function was conducted. The results indicate that children with PTSD evidence a neuropsychological profile characterized by difficulties in the processes of visual attention in relation to verbal and nonverbal materials, logical memory disorders, with ability to perform verbal learning activities and notorious incidence in executive functioning. Assessment indicates changes that imply inhibitory control, poor ability to monitor the behavior, and difficulties in task that involve cognitive flexibility. Based on these scores, it is proposed a profile of cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with PTSD that could be useful to conduct more accurate assessment and clinical interventions within the framework of the Colombian post conflict process.El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el perfil de funcionamiento cognitivo de una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes con Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) derivado del conflicto armado en Colombia con un grupo de control. La muestra estuvo conformada por 50 participantes: 25 de ellos con TEPT, víctimas de situaciones asociadas a conflicto armado y 25 provenientes de la misma zona geográfica sin antecedentes de haber vivido tales situaciones. Los grupos fueron equiparados en edad, género, nivel socioeconómico y nivel académico. Las pruebas aplicadas evaluaron la atención, la memoria y el funcionamiento ejecutivo. Los resultados señalan que los niños y adolescentes con TEPT presentan un perfil neuropsicológico caracterizado por dificultades en los procesos de atención visual para material verbal y no verbal, alteraciones en la memoria lógica, con conservación de la habilidad para realizar actividades de aprendizaje verbal y marcado compromiso en el funcionamiento ejecutivo, mostrando alteraciones en pruebas que implican control inhibitorio, pocas habilidades para monitorear la conducta y dificultades en tareas que implican flexibilidad cognitiva. Con base en los resultados, se propone un perfil de funcionamiento cognitivo de los niños y adolescentes con TEPT, que coadyuve los procesos de evaluación e intervención en el marco de los procesos de reparación integral del post conflicto en Colombia

Seed dispersal for the unusual inflated berries of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae)

Examining dispersal is critical for understanding the diversity of Andean-centered plant lineages, like Burmeistera (Campanulaceae). One-third of its species present an unusual inflated berry. Unlike the bright colors of non-inflated fruits in the genus, these fruits are typically dull-green; however, the fact that the seeds are loosely held in the placenta and easily removed when touched seems to suggest adaptation to animal dispersal. We studied two inflated-baccate species, Burmeistera glabrata and B. borjensis, with the aim of testing the non-exclusive hypotheses that their seeds are dispersed by (1) small mammals, (2) slugs, or (3) adult flies that develop inside the fruits. In two sites in the Ecuadorian Andes, we performed observations at dusk and dawn to examine the fate of fruits and seeds; recording fruit fall, formation of holes in the fruits, and seed loss from the placenta. We documented fruit visitors with cameras, and surveyed unopened fruits for the presence of insect larvae and seed condition. Finally, we performed an experiment to examine the effect of holes and rain in germination, in order to evaluate if holes are required for seeds to leave the fruits and subsequently germinate. For both species, most fruits fell and decomposed beneath the mother plant. However, we found limited support for small mammal dispersal; videos and observations revealed that mice and squirrels are potential, but rare, seed dispersers. We found no evidence for slug or fly dispersal; fly larvae were common inside fruits, but acted exclusively as seed predators. Crickets often chewed holes in fruits on plants and on the ground. Holes did not have an effect on germination, which was induced only by rain. Hence, the majority of seeds end up under the mother plant, with rare but potentially important events of primary or secondary dispersal by small mammals. The combination of limited dispersal due to gravity and rare events of mammal dispersal may have played a critical role in the rapid diversification of Burmeistera

Distribution and range extension of Anoura cadenai Mantilla-Meluk & Baker 2006 in the central and eastern Colombian Andes, and comments on the distribution of A. fistulata Muchhala, Mena-Valenzuela & Albuja 2005 in Colombia

Anoura cadenai Mantilla-Meluk & Baker, 2006 is currently known from the Pacific versant of the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Based on the review of additional specimens we present a range extension to the southern Cordillera Central and the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental, extending its range by 30 km north-west, 138 km south, and 155 km southwest; our data also increase the known elevation of the species from 1600 to 1970 m a.s.l. Additionally, we present a summary of the current knowledge regarding the distribution of A. fistulata in Colombia

Comunicación de sistemas eléctricos basados en la Norma IEC 61850: Desarrollo de caso usando sampled values en servicios Cliente-Servidor

Este artículo presenta una implementación del estándar internacional IEC 61850, diseñado para automatización, control y protección de subestaciones, usando servicios Cliente / Servidor, permitiendo consultar remotamente datos de variables. Con este propósito, se muestra el procedimiento realizado y se analiza la funcionalidad del protocolo de comunicaciones, desde el intercambio de datos y la información entre los dispositivos que componen la red propuesta. La realización de este trabajo se debe a la mayor penetración e influencia de la norma y cómo se debe implementar, entre otros aspectos.This article presents an implementation of IEC 61850 international standard, designed for automation, control and protection of substations, using Client / Server services, allowing to remotely query variable data. For this purpose, the procedure performed is shown and the functionality of the communications protocol is analyzed, from the exchange of data and information between the devices that make up the proposed network. The realization of this work is due to the greater penetration and influence of the norm, how it should be implemented, among other aspects