Too Good to Be True: Private Placement Life Insurance Policies

In this article, Calderón Gómez examines a tax avoidance scheme involving private placement life insurance policies — large policies that potentially allow wealthy taxpayers to move their traditionally tax-inefficient investments in private equity and hedge funds into a life insurance policy and accumulate, borrow against, and pass on those investment gains effectively tax free — and sketches some possible alternatives to stop the abuse of these policies

Prevalencia de diagnósticos de enfermería en personas con VIH/SIDA

Introducción: La infección por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana y el Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública, es por ello que el cuidado de enfermería de las personas con esta enfermedad debe estar dirigido a los problemas reales y potenciales más frecuentes y prioritarios. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de los diagnósticos de enfermería en personas con VIH/SIDA que reciben atención ambulatoria en instituciones de salud de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en adultos con VIH/SIDA que recibían atención ambulatoria en algunas instituciones de salud de Bucaramanga. Resultados: Se encontraron prevalencias para 79 diagnósticos, con un mínimo de 4 y un máximo de 46 diagnósticos por persona. Seis diagnósticos presentaron una prevalencia mayor del 50%, que fueron: riesgo de infección y riesgo de lesión con 98,9%, seguido por protección inefectiva con 96,7%, riesgo de deterioro de la integridad cutánea con 95,6%, deterioro del patrón del sueño con 57,1% y sedentarismo con 53,8%. Conclusiones: Esta investigación es una propuesta para que enfermería estandarice la atención brindada y sus planes de cuidado en las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA basándose en el proceso de enfermería y en el uso de lenguaje estandarizado. Se hace imperativa la necesidad de investigación en esta área con estudios sobre los diagnósticos más prevalentes.Introducción: la infección por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana y el Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública, es por ello que el cuidado de enfermería de las personas con ésta enfermedad debe estar dirigido a los problemas reales y potenciales más frecuentes y prioritarios. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de los diagnósticos de enfermería en personas con VIH/SIDA que reciben atención ambulatoria en instituciones de salud de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en adultos con VIH/SIDA que recibían atención ambulatoria en algunas instituciones de salud de Bucaramanga. Resultados: se encontraron prevalencias para 79 diagnósticos, con un mínimo de 4 y un máximo de 46 diagnósticos por persona. Seis diagnósticos presentaron una prevalencia mayor del 50%, que fueron: riesgo de infección y riesgo de lesión con 98,9%, seguido por protección inefectiva con 96,7%, riesgo de deterioro de la integridad cutánea con 95,6%, deterioro del patrón del sueño con 57,1% y sedentarismo con 53,8%. Conclusiones: esta investigación es una propuesta para que enfermería estandarice la atención brindada y sus planes de cuidado en las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA basándose en el proceso de enfermería y en el uso de lenguaje estandarizado. Se hace imperativa la necesidad de investigación en esta área con estudios sobre los diagnósticos más prevalentes

Common Sense Recommendations for the Application of Tax Law to Digital Assets

In response to the Joint Committee on Taxation’s July 2023 request for comments on application of various Internal Revenue Code sections on digital assets, we propose a consistent set of rules to apply current law to digital assets. We highlight that the underlying economics and characteristics of transactions should be the primary concern for the application of rules and the valuation of digital assets. We believe any digital asset rules should (1) treat classes of digital assets with unique characteristics differently based on their economics, (2) minimize incentives for users to engage in tax-motivated structuring of transactions, and (3) allow the Internal Revenue Service authority to react to and regulate new classes of digital assets as they are created. We do not believe that the unique features of digital assets are a challenge to applying current law or warrant special tax preferred treatment

Estudio De Los Proyectos De Residencia Profesional Como Generadores De Productividad Y Cambio Organizacional

Professional residency projects (PRP) have the theoretical knowledge and skills of the professional discipline of the students who develop them. Each professional residency project provides companies with viable opportunities and solutions that contribute to productivity. We sought to identify the influence between the application of the PRP and the changes in effectiveness and efficiency. This application affects the internal control and generates an organizational change. This paper analyzed some effects of the PRP through a descriptive and documentary study. The data collection instrument was validated through the Pearson correlation. The dependence between PRPs and the generation of productivity, change in internal control was calculated. The results obtained were generated with the chi-square statistical independence test. This test showed four variables that are more dependent on each other. The theoretical square chi of a pair of variables was graphed and the theoretical inverse function: p-value vs. square chi of 1 degree of freedom to observe the intersection. In conclusion, it was observed that the projects of professional residency influence in the internal control and the productivity of the companies via efficacy-efficiency

HTLV-1 infection in solid organ transplant donors and recipients in Spain

HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease, despite infecting 10-15 million people worldwide and severe illnesses develop in 10% of carriers lifelong. Acknowledging a greater risk for developing HTLV-1 associated illnesses due to immunosuppression, screening is being widely considered in the transplantation setting. Herein, we report the experience with universal HTLV testing of donors and recipients of solid organ transplants in a survey conducted in Spain. All hospitals belonging to the Spanish HTLV network were invited to participate in the study. Briefly, HTLV antibody screening was performed retrospectively in all specimens collected from solid organ donors and recipients attended since the year 2008. A total of 5751 individuals were tested for HTLV antibodies at 8 sites. Donors represented 2312 (42.2%), of whom 17 (0.3%) were living kidney donors. The remaining 3439 (59.8%) were recipients. Spaniards represented nearly 80%. Overall, 9 individuals (0.16%) were initially reactive for HTLV antibodies. Six were donors and 3 were recipients. Using confirmatory tests, HTLV-1 could be confirmed in only two donors, one Spaniard and another from Colombia. Both kidneys of the Spaniard were inadvertently transplanted. Subacute myelopathy developed within 1 year in one recipient. The second recipient seroconverted for HTLV-1 but the kidney had to be removed soon due to rejection. Immunosuppression was stopped and 3 years later the patient remains in dialysis but otherwise asymptomatic. The rate of HTLV-1 is low but not negligible in donors/recipients of solid organ transplants in Spain. Universal HTLV screening should be recommended in all donor and recipients of solid organ transplantation in Spain. Evidence is overwhelming for very high virus transmission and increased risk along with the rapid development of subacute myelopathy

Whose Debt Is It Anyway?

Every year, companies issue hundreds of billions of dollars of debt with a feature carrying unclear tax consequences. So do individuals, who frequently tie their most significant financial asset to this type of instrument. Yet this instrument is not an exotic or innovative financial derivative, but is simple vanilla debt with two or more borrowers, or “co-obligated debt”. Co-obligated debt poses a conceptual problem for the law because it does not fit neatly into the simple and dyadic legal framework underlying the law’s conception of debt, where one creditor lends money to one borrower in exchange for a direct promise to pay the amount borrowed plus interest. Such a framework collapses when the debt instrument has multiple borrowers—as a matter of law or as a matter of fact. As a result, courts and the IRS frequently struggle with the consequences of a transaction, unable to consistently find a resolution to the puzzle: whose debt is it anyway? This Article illuminates the previously unexplored side of this fundamental aspect of the law on debt, investigating its roots in surety, guaranty, and restitution law, and surveys the law’s inconsistent treatment of multiple obligors, emphasizing its erratic stances on interest deductions, cancellation of indebtedness income, and debt modifications. The Article then identifies and categorizes the inconsistencies and shortcomings in these areas of the law, developing a typology of approaches to the issue of who owes co-obligated debt. After tracing the law’s shortcomings, the Article culminates by developing a comprehensive solution to the problem of “ownership” of joint debt, resolving the unpredictability, inconsistency and undesirability plaguing current law. Resolving the puzzle of who owes joint debt not only provides uniformity and predictability to the IRS and the courts’ stances on interest deductions, cancellation of indebtedness income, and debt modifications; but it also further illuminates solutions to legal problems in contiguous areas of the law, such as the sourcing of interest income in some cross-border transactions, challenging certain tax evasion schemes, and finding a more comprehensive definition of “debtor”

Stopping Runs in the Digital Era

Bank runs, and the financial crises they catalyze and amplify, are incredibly costly-to individuals, families, society, and the economy writ large. Banking regulation has, for the most part, protected us from traditional bank runs for the last ninety years. However, as we saw in the devastating 2008 financial crisis, bank runs can still occur in lightly regulated or opaque segments of the financial sector. The recent crypto market downturn dramatically forewarned regulators of the potential and significant risks that novel assets could pose to our financial system\u27s stability. In particular, a novel, systemically important asset (stablecoins) revealed its vulnerability to bank run dynamics, demonstrating that a future run on this relatively unregulated, yet now widely-held, asset could trigger or amplify another Great Recession-type event. Yet the government\u27s macroeconomic policy toolkit (which includes successful traditional tools like deposit insurance and emergency lending) is not equipped to respond to quick bank runs on these novel assets, and new regulatory or statutory fixes are unlikely. With these vulnerabilities in mind, this Article advances a novel policy alternative: the Cooperative Enforcement Doctrine. The Doctrine revives a forgotten approach to bank runs-namely, suspending the convertibility of deposit contracts-and posits that courts should act as emergency enforcers of macroeconomic cooperation through the temporary and selective nonenforcement of debt contracts in times of financial stress. By doing so, courts could effectively halt bank runs, especially in situations where other regulatory responses are not viable or implementable, such as a run on stablecoins. Furthermore, unlike new policy fixes, the Doctrine would not need any congressional or agency implementation-the contractual doctrine of public policy is available to serve as a solid buttress for its application

Stopping Runs in the Digital Era

Bank runs, and the financial crises they catalyze and amplify, are incredibly costly-to individuals, families, society, and the economy writ large. Banking regulation has, for the most part, protected us from traditional bank runs for the last ninety years. However, as we saw in the devastating 2008 financial crisis, bank runs can still occur in lightly regulated or opaque segments of the financial sector. The recent crypto market downturn dramatically forewarned regulators of the potential and significant risks that novel assets could pose to our financial system\u27s stability. In particular, a novel, systemically important asset (stablecoins) revealed its vulnerability to bank run dynamics, demonstrating that a future run on this relatively unregulated, yet now widely-held, asset could trigger or amplify another Great Recession-type event. Yet the government\u27s macroeconomic policy toolkit (which includes successful traditional tools like deposit insurance and emergency lending) is not equipped to respond to quick bank runs on these novel assets, and new regulatory or statutory fixes are unlikely. With these vulnerabilities in mind, this Article advances a novel policy alternative: the Cooperative Enforcement Doctrine. The Doctrine revives a forgotten approach to bank runs-namely, suspending the convertibility of deposit contracts-and posits that courts should act as emergency enforcers of macroeconomic cooperation through the temporary and selective nonenforcement of debt contracts in times of financial stress. By doing so, courts could effectively halt bank runs, especially in situations where other regulatory responses are not viable or implementable, such as a run on stablecoins. Furthermore, unlike new policy fixes, the Doctrine would not need any congressional or agency implementation-the contractual doctrine of public policy is available to serve as a solid buttress for its application

Market Virtues and Respect for Human Dignity

Luigino Bruni and Robert Sugden have provided a normative defense of markets from a virtue ethics perspective. They interpret market exchange as being a practice in the sense of Alasdair MacIntyre. For Bruni and Sugden, the telos of a market is mutual benefit and a market virtue is a character trait or disposition that contributes to the realization of this benefit. They regard market virtues as embodying a moral attitude towards market interactions that is characterized by reciprocity. For MacIntyre, this is a partial account of a virtue. To qualify as a virtue, it is also necessary that it contributes to the good of an individual’s life taken as a whole and to the social tradition in which both practices and individuals are embedded. We adopt MacIntye’s understanding of a virtue and consider the extent to which Bruni and Sugden’s account of market virtues is compatible with respecting the fundamental human good of dignity in Kant’s sense of this term.https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-chapters/1106/thumbnail.jp