Alien Registration- Allen, Calas (Baileyville, Washington County)

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Reconceptualizing Bankruptcy Education Requirements for Incarcerated Debtors

In the eighteen years since Congress enacted the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA), bankruptcy scholars and professionals have launched countless critiques against two of the Act’s more drastic amendments: (1) mandatory pre-filing credit counseling and (2) a mandatory post-filing financial management course. Without completing the pre-filing requirement, one cannot qualify as a debtor under the Code and is thus barred from filing for bankruptcy. Without completing the post-filing requirement, one cannot receive a discharge. Notwithstanding the volume and breadth of valid criticisms, the specific harm of BAPCPA’s education requirements has been largely ignored for one population: incarcerated debtors. People in prison have debt; they enter prison with debt, they incur debt while in prison, and they leave prison with debt, along with a whole slew of financial hurdles to overcome. As they currently stand, BAPCPA’s education requirements present an additional, empty hurdle that incarcerated debtors must overcome. A hurdle, because incarcerated persons face liberty constraints that make it exceptionally difficult to obtain the required courses. Empty, because the one-size-fits-all courses are ineffective as educational programs. Bankruptcy education is not a hopeless endeavor, but the system is in need of an overhaul. This Comment proposes a two-pronged solution. First, the education courses should be made more accessible through implementation of in-prison programming. Second, the requirements for program approval should be altered to incorporate the educational theory of differentiation and impose specific guidelines to address the unique needs of incarcerated debtors

Le désir du dialogue : examen du dispositif énonciatif des Lettres portugaises de Guilleragues

International audienceCette brève contribution se propose de revenir sur un roman épistolaire singulier de l'année 1669 Les Lettres portugaises de Guilleragues pour en interroger le fonctionnement intrinsèque avec les outils de la linguistique de l'énonciation. L'objectif est d'apporter des éléments permettant de caractériser la littérature épistolaire, et plus particulièrement le roman par lettres, à partir de sa scène d'énonciation (ses paramètres énonciatifs conditionnés par le genre) et de sa scénographie (ses indices de mise en mots, de mise en discours). Ce texte dresse sur le devant de la scène un sujet passionnel, qui, dans un bref lamento, déployé en cinq moments d'une rare densité, cherche sa vérité dans son propre discours amoureux à défaut de le trouver dans celui qui l'a fait naître. Nous nous proposons d'examiner certains moments de ce discours, qui sont des instants de vacillement ou d'affirmation, partiel ou total, de la subjectivité, lieux privilégiés d'un dire sans cesse tourné vers l'autre, devenu vital. La lettre, ou les jeux de rôle entre subjectivité et désubjectivation, (re)construction et déconstruction de l'identité à soi et à l'autre, dernier vecteur du discours amoureux, tel est l'enjeu de cet article, qui met au service de l'herméneutique textuelle les typologies des linguistiques de l'énonciation pour tenter de mettre en lumière quelques caractéristiques constitutives du discours épistolair

Intermediate range order in (Fe,Al) silicate network glasses: a neutron diffraction and EPSR modeling investigation

The local structural environment and the spatial distribution of iron and aluminum ions in sodosilicate glasses with composition NaFexAl1-xSi2O6 (x = 1, 0.8, 0.5 and 0) is studied by high-resolution neutron diffraction combined with structural modeling using the Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR) code. This work gives evidence of differences in the structural behavior of Al3+ and Fe3+, which are both often considered to act as network formers in charge-balanced compositions. The short-range environment and the structural role of the two cations are not composition dependent, and hence the structure of intermediate glasses can then be seen as a mixture of the structures of the two end-members. All Al3+ is 4-coordinated for a distance d[4]Al3+-O=1.76$\pm$0.01{\AA}. The high-resolution neutron data allows deciphering between two populations of Fe. The majority of Fe3+ is 4-coordinated (d[4]Fe3+-O=1.87$\pm$0.01{\AA}) while the remaining Fe3+ and all Fe2+ (~12% of total Fe) are 5-coordinated (d[5]Fe-O=2.01$\pm$0.01{\AA}). Both AlO4 and FeO4 are randomly distributed and connected with the silicate network in which they share corners with SiO4 tetrahedra, in agreement with a network-forming role of those species. On the contrary FeO5 tends to form clusters and to share edges with each other. 5-coordinated Fe is interpreted as network modifier and it turns out that, even if this coordination number is rare in crystals, it is more common in glasses in which they can have a key role on physical properties

Structural relaxation around substitutional Cr3+ in MgAl2O4

The structural environment of substitutional Cr3+ ion in MgAl2O4 spinel has been investigated by Cr K-edge Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopies. First-principles computations of the structural relaxation and of the XANES spectrum have been performed, with a good agreement to the experiment. The Cr-O distance is close to that in MgCr2O4, indicating a full relaxation of the first neighbors, and the second shell of Al atoms relaxes partially. These observations demonstrate that Vegard's law is not obeyed in the MgAl2O4-MgCr2O4 solid solution. Despite some angular site distortion, the local D3d symmetry of the B-site of the spinel structure is retained during the substitution of Cr for Al. Here, we show that the relaxation is accomodated by strain-induced bond buckling, with angular tilts of the Mg-centred tetrahedra around the Cr-centred octahedron. By contrast, there is no significant alteration of the angles between the edge-sharing octahedra, which build chains aligned along the three four-fold axes of the cubic structure.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure