Fenología de diez cultivares de Cannabis sativa L. bajo las condiciones ambientales de Palomino Guajira

Studies on the phenology of Cannabis sativa L. are important because they are a great tool when carrying out crop management practices, such as fertilizer application, pest and disease management, and identifying the adaptation of the crop. cultivation under different climatic conditions. Phenology studies the occurrence of phases in the life cycle of plants; therefore, to determine the moments of phenological occurrences, it is necessary to use tools that facilitate the process of interpreting the information taken in the field; therefore, the BBCH scale was adapted to determine the phenological phases taking into account the days after transplantation. The objective of the work was to evaluate the phenology of 10 Cannabis sativa L. genotypes to identify the genotypes with the best performance under greenhouse conditions in Palomino. The variables to be evaluated were: plant height, number of shoots, number of inflorescences, harvest index and yield expressed in dry flower. Height, shoots and inflorescence data were recorded 3 times a week for 10 weeks and at week 10 the final height was quantified. Harvest index and yield was estimated at harvest time. The statistical design was completely randomized with 10 treatments and 6 repetitions per treatment. The results showed that, of 58 phenological stages defined for Cannabis, in an asexual cycle only 19 stages are evaluated. In addition, with the data collected on height gain, shoots and inflorescences, it can be predicted which will be the most yielding genotypes. The dry flower yield is influenced by the length of the plant, number of buds and number of inflorescences; likewise, the harvest index proved to be a good indicator when determining the performance of each genotype. The genotype best adapted to the climatic conditions of the trial area was PS111 due to height, the number of vegetative shoots, inflorescences and yield.Los estudios sobre fenología de Cannabis sativa L. son una herramienta al momento de realizar prácticas de manejo del cultivo como la aplicación de fertilizantes, el manejo de plagas y enfermedades, y para valorar la adaptación del cultivo a las condiciones climáticas. La fenología estudia la ocurrencia de las fases en el ciclo de vida de las plantas, para su determinación es necesario el uso de la escala BBCH que codifica las etapas fenológicas días después del trasplante. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento de 10 genotipos de Cannabis sativa L. bajo condiciones de invernadero en etapas vegetativa, floración y cosecha para identificar los genotipos con la mejor adaptación a las condiciones climáticas en el corregimiento de Palomino.  Las variables a evaluar fueron: altura de la planta, número de brotes, número de inflorescencias, índice de cosecha y rendimiento expresado en flor seca. Los datos de altura, brotes e inflorescencia se registraron tres veces por semana durante 10 semanas y en la semana 10 se cuantifico la altura final. El índice de cosecha y rendimiento se estimó al momento de la cosecha. El diseño estadístico fue completamente al azar con 10 tratamientos y 6 repeticiones por tratamiento. Los resultados mostraron que, de 58 etapas fenológicas definidas para Cannabis, en un ciclo asexual solo se evalúan 19 etapas. Además, con los datos recolectados de ganancia de altura, brotes e inflorescencias, se puede predecir quienes serán los genotipos más rendidores. El rendimiento de flor seca está influenciado por la longitud de la planta, número de brotes y número de inflorescencias; igualmente, el índice de cosecha mostró ser un indicador al momento de determinar el rendimiento de cada genotipo.  El genotipo mejor adaptado a la zona de estudio fue PS111 por la altura, la cantidad de brotes vegetativos, inflorescencias y el rendimiento

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)