Procédures de règlement pacifique des conflits collectifs en France

L'auteur décrit et interprète le particularisme de la procédure d'arbitrage des conflits collectifs du travail en France qui offre l'image contradictoire de l'échec des modalités officielles de règlement et de la vertu des procédures informelles.Two facts appear when one attempts to report on results from arbitration and procedures to settle labor conflicts in France:On one hand, legal procedures are not very much used though this was not always the case. In 1936, for example, in a very particular situation, they produced quite good results. Compulsory conciliation and facultative arbitration established after 1950 are not very much used. In the same way, mediation based on American procedure introduced in 1955, was at first well accepted by social partners then increasingly less.On the other Labour Inspection is often used and efficient, though it is only a substitute for legal procedure. This can be proved by statistical analyses made on datas obtained from the Ministry of Labour compared with other variables such as size of enterprise, reasons for and results of strikes, etc.To explain the failure of official procedures and the relative success of unofficial ones, two kinds of factors may be involved:Technically, official legal procedures are cumbersome, slow and reinforce oppositions rather than eliminate them. Members of those institutions cannot consult people at the grass-roots level as is more and more done in the French "professional relations" system. In the other case, the Labour Inspector is well informed and can intervene effectively at the right moment. The confidence with which he is regarded and his professional practices allow him to suggest possible compromises between opposing parties.As regards ideology, there is strong opposition to forced procedures. Employers are sensitive to the market economy and wish to preserve their independence and authority. Trade unions are divided and afraid of loosing their right to strike and possibility of negotiating. The adaptability of the Labour Inspector’s role is much more compatible with compromise. Remote procedures may not be in force again in spite of the collective negotiations and settlements of labour conflicts Law Project, considered too far removed from present professional practices.Could the Labour Inspector go further through institutionalization of his conciliation functions or specialization in conciliation methods? Probably not. More than lack of means, it is the difference between control and conciliation methods which separates interested opposing groups within Labour Inspection due to long-established hierarchical and trade union problems. This is especially the case when collective pay-offs increase altering the relationships between the Minister of Labour and the Labour Inspector. In summary, in spite of the French tradition of using legal procedures, empirical solutions are more and more acceptable as they are well received by social partners and compatible with the permanent negotiations of the French "professional relations"

Les lois Auroux

L'auteur expose les grandes lignes des changements profonds apportes au Code du travail français par les lois Auroux en 1982. Il explicite les motivations qui éclairent leur présentation ainsi que l'accueil qui leur a été fait.A «Common Sense Revolution»: that is the way Jean Auroux described the corpus of new rules made public in 1982. In order to understand the nature of this revolution — the changes it included and the reactions it provoked — the rationnel behind these new rules must be examined. There are in fact three basic reasons for the changes. First, the Block-Laine Commission (established by Mitterand in May 1981) revealed the extent of social inequality, the failure of policies of participation, and the expansion of certain offensive management strategies, all of them affecting «individual work relations». The insufficiency of both representative institutions and the System of negotiation were also dealt with as problems affecting «collective work relations». Secondly, a comparative study had indicated that many of the features of the proposed Auroux legislation were to be found in other European IR Systems. Thirdly, the new legislation became logical in the light of the programme of the Left and the Socialist Manifeste The task facing the new Minister of Labour included putting together a logical programme and ensuring its application. The Auroux Report of September 1981 contained two fundamental concepts and four consequent series of measures. The first concept was that workers must be considered as fullfledged members of organizations. To accomplish this goal it would be necessary: to restore and enlarge workers' rights, to reconstitute the «work collectivity» by carefully regulating all exceptions to legislation (part-time and contractual work, work of limited duration, etc.). The second concept was that workers must be able to influence changes within organizations about decisions directly affecting them. The way to bring this about was to create a more meaningful role for representative institutions and reactivate an «active contractual policy». As a result, four essential series of measures were adopted, involving:— restoring and enlarging workers' rights by reforming internal regulations and disciplinary law, as well as asserting the right of expression within organizations (Law of August 4, 1982);— reconstituting the «work collectivity» by clarifying the aims, and limiting the use, of temporary work («Ordonnance» of February 5, 1982), the contract of limited duration («Ordonnance» of February 5, 1982), and part-time work («Ordonnance » of March 26, 1982), as well as improving the rights of and protections for the workers concerned;— creating a more significant role for union and employee representative institutions (Law of October 28, 1982), and integrating occupational health and safety committees in future with commissions determining working conditions (Law of December 23, 1982);— relaunching the «contractual policy» with annual compulsory negotiation of salaries and duration of work (Law of November 13, 1982). The debates of the Economie and Social Council revealed tensions threatening to produce ruptures in French society. Among them, the obligation to negotiate and the right of expression of workers within the organization particularly posed problems. Management clearly showed ideological opposition to the Auroux legislation, but found itself faced with an alternative: to do battle at the level of rules and regulations, or to turn the obstacles to its own advantage. If the CGT and CFDT, in spite of technical criticism, approved the new programme, the FO and CFTC were much more critical concerning the right of veto given to representative institutions and the right of expression

Inflammatory, synaptic, motor, and behavioral alterations induced by gestational sepsis on the offspring at different stages of life

Abstract: Background: The term sepsis is used to designate a systemic condition of infection and inflammation associated with hemodynamic changes that result in organic dysfunction. Gestational sepsis can impair the development of the central nervous system and may promote permanent behavior alterations in the offspring. The aim of our work was to evaluate the effects of maternal sepsis on inflammatory cytokine levels and synaptic proteins in the hippocampus, neocortex, frontal cortex, and cerebellum of neonatal, young, and adult mice. Additionally, we analyzed the motor development, behavioral features, and cognitive impairments in neonatal, young and adult offspring. Methods: Pregnant mice at the 14th embryonic day (E14) were intratracheally instilled with saline 0.9% solution (control group) or Klebsiella spp. (3 × 108 CFU) (sepsis group) and started on meropenem after 5 h. The offspring was sacrificed at postnatal day (P) 2, P8, P30, and P60 and samples of liver, lung, and brain were collected for TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 measurements by ELISA. Synaptophysin, PSD95, and β-tubulin levels were analyzed by Western blot. Motor tests were performed at all analyzed ages and behavioral assessments were performed in offspring at P30 and P60. Results: Gestational sepsis induces a systemic pro-inflammatory response in neonates at P2 and P8 characterized by an increase in cytokine levels. Maternal sepsis induced systemic downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while in the hippocampus, neocortex, frontal cortex, and cerebellum an inflammatory response was detected. These changes in the brain immunity were accompanied by a reduction of synaptophysin and PSD95 levels in the hippocampus, neocortex, frontal cortex, and cerebellum, in all ages. Behavioral tests demonstrated motor impairment in neonates, and depressive-like behavior, fear-conditioned memory, and learning impairments in animals at P30 and P60, while spatial memory abilities were affected only at P60, indicating that gestational sepsis not only induces an inflammatory response in neonatal mouse brains, but also affects neurodevelopment, and leads to a plethora of behavioral alterations and cognitive impairments in the offspring. Conclusion: These data suggest that maternal sepsis may be causatively related to the development of depression, learning, and memory impairments in the litter

Meneghello-Dincic (Kruno) - Les expériences yougoslaves d'industrialisation et de planification.

Caire Guy. Meneghello-Dincic (Kruno) - Les expériences yougoslaves d'industrialisation et de planification.. In: Revue économique, volume 22, n°4, 1971. pp. 694-695

J.-M. Albertini, M. Auvolat et F. Lerouche, Les mécanismes du sous-développement

Caire Guy. J.-M. Albertini, M. Auvolat et F. Lerouche, Les mécanismes du sous-développement . In: Tiers-Monde, tome 9, n°33, 1968. L'économie ostentatoire. Etudes sur l'économie du prestige et du don (sous la direction de Jean Poirier) sous la direction de Jean Poirier. pp. 189-190

Acta Aeconomica, t. 3, fasc. 1

Caire Guy. Acta Aeconomica, t. 3, fasc. 1. In: Tiers-Monde, tome 11, n°41, 1970. Education et développement. Etudes sur la formation, l'enseignement et la planification des ressources humaines. pp. 240-241

Le Thanh Khoi - L'industrie de l'enseignement.

Caire Guy. Le Thanh Khoi - L'industrie de l'enseignement.. In: Revue économique, volume 22, n°5, 1971. pp. 871-872

Maryse Gaudier, Pauvretés, inégalités, exclusions : renouveau des approches théoriques et des pratiques sociales

Caire Guy. Maryse Gaudier, Pauvretés, inégalités, exclusions : renouveau des approches théoriques et des pratiques sociales. In: Tiers-Monde, tome 35, n°138, 1994. Technologies de communication et d'information au Sud : la mondialisation forcée, sous la direction de Yvonne Mignot-Lefebvre. pp. 469-470

Robert Boyer et Ronald Dore, Les politiques des revenus en Europe, coll. Recherches, Observatoire du changement social en Europe occidentale, 1994

Caire Guy. Robert Boyer et Ronald Dore, Les politiques des revenus en Europe, coll. Recherches, Observatoire du changement social en Europe occidentale, 1994. In: Sociologie du travail, 38ᵉ année n°3, Juillet-septembre 1996. Recherche scientifique, innovation technique et politiques publiques. pp. 417-419

Norman Birnbaum, Toward a critical sociology

Caire Guy. Norman Birnbaum, Toward a critical sociology. In: Tiers-Monde, tome 15, n°58, 1974. pp. 435-437