EFFECT OF PANCREOZYMIN ON RAT PANCREATIC ENZYME BIOSYNTHESIS

Pancreatic enzyme secretion in rats anesthesized by pentobarbital was stimulated by intravenous perfusion of the hormone pancreozymin, as indicated by a decreased amylase level in the pancreas and by specific, fine structural changes observed in an electron microscope. Rates of protein synthesis were determined by pulse labeling. Amylase, total protein, and valine were purified from pancreas and counted. Pancreozymin promotes an 8 to 10 times increase in the rate of biosynthesis of pancreatic enzymes, as compared to rats similarly anesthesized but without hormone. This stimulation effect is obtained very rapidly (2 hr) and is not inhibited by actinomycin D. Secretin alone has no effect, whereas pentobarbital is inhibitory

Analisa Hukum Perdata Tentang Perjanjian Jual Beli Online di Indonesia

Abstrak Pasal 1 angka (2) Undang-Undang No 11 Tahun 2008 memberikan landasan hukum dan definisi bahwa transaksi elektronik adalah perbuatan hukum yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan komputer, jaringan komputer, dan media elektronik lainnya. Pasal 18 ayat (1) menentukan bahwa transaksi elektronik yang dituangkan kedalam kontrak elektronik mengikat para pihak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kebijakan serta peraturan hukum Indonesia dalam melindungi konsumen dan pihak terkait yang melakukan transaksi jual beli online dan menganalisis kepastian hukum serta upaya penyelesaian perselisihan kedua belah pihak yang menggunakan media elektronik sebagai media transaksi serta efektivitas dari adanya perjanjian. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis normatif dan menggunakan pendekatan normatif dalam mengkaji permasalahan. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Menurut Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, konsumen memiliki hak untuk mendapatkan informasi serta memilih barang atau jasa yang sesuai dengan jaminan yang dijanjikan. Konsumen juga berhak mendapatkan kompensasi jika barang atau jasa yang diterima tidak sesuai dengan perjanjian. Pelaku usaha memiliki kewajiban untuk memberikan informasi dan menjaga kualitas barang atau jasa yang dipasarkan juga menangani keluhan konsumen. Perjanjian dapat dikatakan efektif apabila perjanjian dibuat secara tertulis, disepakati oleh kedua belah pihak, mencantumkan syarat, ketentuan yang jelas, harga, metode pembayaran, pengiriman, serta mekanisme pengembalian barang atau kompensasi. Hukum Indonesia telah mengatur perlindungan konsumen dalam transaksi jual beli online melalui berbagai regulasi. Adanya kepastian hukum dan mekanisme penyelesaian yang baik akan menciptakan transaksi jual beli online yang lebih aman dan terpercaya. Kata Kunci: Jual Beli, Perjanjian, Transaksi Elektronik, Konsumen, Pelaku Usana, Kepastian Hukum, Kompensasi.   Abstract Article 1 point (2) of Law No. 11 of 2008 provides a legal basis and definition that electronic transactions are legal actions carried out using computers, computer networks, and other electronic media. Article 18 paragraph (1) determines that electronic transactions as outlined in an electronic contract are binding on the parties. The purpose of this research is to find out the policies and regulations of Indonesian law in protecting consumers and related parties who conduct online buying and selling transactions and analyze the legal certainty and efforts to resolve disputes between the two parties using electronic media as a transaction medium and the effectiveness of the agreement. The method used in this research is the normative juridical method and uses a normative approach in examining the problem. Data is collected using a qualitative method. According to the Consumer Protection Law, consumers have the right to obtain information and choose goods or services that are in accordance with the promised guarantee. Consumers are also entitled to compensation if the goods or services received are not in accordance with the agreement. Business actors have an obligation to provide information and maintain the quality of goods or services marketed as well as handle consumer complaints. An agreement can be said to be effective if the agreement is made in writing, agreed by both parties, includes clear terms, conditions, prices, payment methods, delivery, and mechanisms for returning goods or compensation. Indonesian law has regulated consumer protection in online buying and selling transactions through various regulations. The existence of legal certainty and a good settlement mechanism will create safer and more reliable online buying and selling transactions. Keywords: Sale and Purchase, Agreement, Electronic Transaction, Consumer, Business Actor, Legal Certainty, Compensatio

Instability of succinyl ester linkages in O2'-monosuccinyl cyclic AMP-protein conjugates at neutral pH

Chromatographic and immunological evidence is presented regarding the hydrolysis of the ester linkage of O2'-monosuccinyl cyclic AMP in neutral solutions. Such hydrolysis occurs whether the nucleotide derivative is present in free form in solution or conjugated through its succinyl carboxyl group via an amide bond to proteins. The latter process apparently occurs when succinyl cyclic AMP is conjugated to human serum albumin for use as an immunogen in the production of anti-cyclic AMP antibodies and when the derivative is coupled to the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.49). The enzyme conjugate has been used in developing a homogenous enzyme immunoassay for cyclic AMP. Inhibition of the catalytic activity of enzyme-cyclic AMP conjugates by anti-cyclic AMP antibody decreases with time, apparently due to the loss of cyclic AMP from enzyme-cyclic AMP conjugates stored in neutral solutions. In addition, the ability of free cyclic AMP to completely reverse the inhibition process decreases with time because of the presence of antibodies in the anti-cyclic AMP sera that apparently inhibit enzyme activity because of their binding specificity for the residual succinate-protein determinant sites of the enzyme conjugates. Lyophilization of the conjugates immediately after preparation helps to overcome the problem; however, in vivo hydrolysis of immunogens prepared with the succinyl cyclic AMP derivative may always occur. The consequence of this hydrolysis reaction and the subsequent formation of anti-succinyl-protein antibodies will be discussed with regard to existing RIAs for cyclic AMP and a new homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for the nucleotide.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25598/1/0000143.pd