CAI combustion with methanol and ethanol in an air-assisted direct injection SI engine

Copyright © 2009 SAE International. This paper is posted on this site with permission from SAE International. Further use of this paper is not permitted without permission from SAECAI combustion has the potential to be the most clean combustion technology in internal combustion engines and is being intensively researched. Following the previous research on CAI combustion of gasoline fuel, systematic investigation is being carried out on the application of bio-fuels in CAI combustion. As part of an on-going research project, CAI combustion of methanol and ethanol was studied on a single-cylinder direct gasoline engine with an air-assisted injector. The CAI combustion was achieved by trapping part of burnt gas within the cylinder through using short-duration camshafts and early closure of the exhaust valves. During the experiment the engine speed was varied from 1200rpm to 2100rpm and the air/fuel ratio was altered from the stoichiometry to the misfire limit. Their combustion characteristics were obtained by analysing cylinder pressure trace. The experimental results show that both oxygenate fuels, methanol and ethanol, can lead to CAI combustion as well as gasoline fuel. The load of CAI combustion was increased and emissions were lower with the two oxygenate fuels. Methanol was found to have highest output and lowest energy consumption among the three fuels tested. CAI combustion characteristics of the oxygenate fuels were more affected by the amount of burnt residuals trapped than that of gasoline fuel

Aplikasi Perangkat Ajar Kebudayaan Indonesia Berbasis Multimedia

The purpose of this research is to design a CAI application as a learning support and media to introduce the valuable cultures of Indonesia. The CAI is objected to children or people using computer. The research applied the Interactive Multimedia System Design & Development (IMSDD) method, which consists of system requirement, design consideration, implementation, and evaluation. The result of this research is a CAI application about Indonesian culture based on multimedia that fulfills the user's need on CAI application. CAI is expected to grow users' interest about Indonesian culture, improve children's memory capability, and help create the learning process more interesting and fun

Pengembangan Media CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) Pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Materi Sistem Organisasi Kehidupan Untuk Siswa Kelas VII Di SMP Negeri 30 Surabaya

AbstrakPenelitian dilakukan untuk memproduksi media pembelajaran model CAI yang dapat meningkatkan efektifitas dan efisiensi pembelajaran pada materi Sistem organisasi kehidupan mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam kelas VII. Media pengembangan CAI ini menggunakan model pengembangan yang di kembangkan oleh Brog dan Gall yaitu model R&D. Menggunakan jenis data kualitatif dan data kuantitatif, pengumpulan data dengan wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, dan tes. Penelitian pengembangan media model CAI ini memiliki tujuan guna mengukur gap antara hasil belajar siswa sebelum dan sesudah diterapkan media pembelajaran model CAI dalam proses pembelajaran. Dalam media pembelajaran CAI yang di kembangkan, diperoleh hasil validasi RPP sebesar 100% kategori sangat baik dan hasil validasi materi sejumlah 100% kategori sangat baik. Untuk Hasil validasi Media pembelajaran model CAI memperoleh nilai sebesar 93,1% kategori sangat baik, Sedangkan hasil dari pre-test dan post-test pada taraf signifikansi 5% yaitu ttabel = 1,99085, daerah penolakan H0 berada pada angka 1,99085 hingga (-1,99085) karena thitung = -3,6489932 berada pada penerimaan H0, maka dari nilai tersebut dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa data post test kelompok kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen terdapat perbedaan, padahal tingkat kemampuan kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen sama. Sehingga yang menjadikan hasil post test kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol adalah perbedaan perlakuan, jadi media pembelajaran model CAI efektif untuk mata pelajaran IPA materi sistem organisasi kehidupan untuk siswa kelas VII (tujuh) di SMP Negeri 30 SurabayaKata Kunci : Materi Sistem Organisasi Kehidupan, Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction), Hasil Belajar Siswa.AbstractThe research was conducted to produce a CAI model learning media that can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of learning on the material of the Life organization system of natural science subjects class VII. This CAI development media uses a development model developed by Brog and Gall, namely an R&D model. This research on the development of the CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) model media has the aim of measuring the gap between student learning outcomes before and after the application of the CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) model learning media in the learning process. In the CAI learning media developed, rpp validation results of 100% very good categories were obtained and material validation results of 100% very good categories were obtained. For the validation results of the CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) model learning media obtained a score of 93.1% in the very good category, while the results of the pre-test and post-test at a significance level of 5% namely ttabel = 1.99085, the H0 rejection area was at 1.99085 to (-1.99085) because the calculation = -3.6489932 was in the H0 admission, therefore, from this value, it can be concluded that the post-test data of the control group and the experimental group have differences, even though the level of ability of the control group and the experiment is the same. So that what makes the post-test results of the experimental and control groups is the difference in treatment, so that the learning media model of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) is effective for science subjects material of life organization systems for grade VII (seven) students at SMP Negeri 30 SurabayaKeywords: CAI Media Development (Computer Assisted Instruction), Life Organization System Materials, Learning Outcom

Crossing Lilium Orientals of different ploidy creates Fusarium-resistant hybrid

Oriental hybrid lily is of great commercial value, but it is susceptible to Fusarium disease that causes a significant loss to the production. A diploid Oriental hybrid resistant to Fusarium, Cai-74, was diploidized from triploid obtained from the offspring of tetraploid (from ‘Star Fighter’) and diploid (‘Con Amore’, ‘Acapulco’) by screening the hybrids of different cross combinations following inoculating Fusarium oxysporum to the tissue cultured plantlets in a greenhouse. By analyzing saponins content in bulbs of a number of lily genotypes with a known Fusarium resistance, it was found that the mutant Cai-74 had a much higher content of saponin than its parents. Highly resistant wild _L. dauricum_ had the highest level (4.59mg/g), followed by the resistant Cai-74 with 4.01mg/g. The resistant OT cultivars ‘Conca d’or’ and ‘Robina’ had a higher saponins content (3.70 mg/g) and 2.83 mg/g, than the susceptible Oriental lily cultivars ‘Sorbonne’, ‘Siberia’ and ‘Tiber’. The hybrid Cai-74 had a different karyotype compared with the normal Lilium Oriental hybrid cultivars. The results suggested that Cai-74 carries a chromosomal variation correlated to Fusarium resistance. Cai-74 might be used as a genetic resource for breeding of Fusarium resistant cultivars of Oriental hybrid lilies

Modal abundances of CAIs: Implications for bulk chondrite element abundances and fractionations

Modal abundances of Ca,Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are poorly known and reported data scatter across large ranges. We combine reported CAI modal abundances and our own set, and present a complete list of CAI modal abundances in carbonaceous chondrites. This includes (in area%): CV: 2.98, CM: 1.21, Acfer 094: 1.12, CO: 0.99, CK/CV (Ningqiang & DaG 055): 0.77, CK: 0.2, CR: 0.12 and CB: 0.1. CAIs are Poisson distributed and if only small areas (<1000 mm2) are studied, the data are probably not representative of the true CAI modal abundances, explaining their reported large scatter in a single chondrite group. Carbonaceous chondrites have excess bulk Al concentrations when compared to the CI-chondritic value. We find a correlation between this excess and CAI modal abundances and conclude that the excess Al was delivered by CAIs. The excess Al is only a minor fraction (usually ~10 rel%, but 25 rel% in case of CVs) of the bulk chondrite Al and cannot have contributed much 26Al to heat the chondrite parent body. Ordinary, enstatite, R- and K-chondrites have an Al deficit relative to CI chondrites and only very low CAI modal abundances, if any are present at all. Carbonaceous chondrites also had an initial Al deficit if the contribution of Al delivered by CAIs is subtracted. Therefore all chondrites probably lost a refractory rich high-T component. Only minor amounts of CAIs are present in the matrix or have been present in the chondrule precursor aggregates. Most CAI size distributions contain more than one size population, indicating that CAIs from within a single meteorite group had different origins.Comment: Meteoritics & Planetary Sciences (in press

Todo por dos horas. Taller

Este material trata sobre el espacio de reunión de equipo semanal de los Centros de Actividades Infantiles (CAI) para la reflexión permanente sobre la Proyecto Socioeducativo de cada CAI y sobre las prácticas socioeducativas de Coordinadores, MMCC y Talleristas

Tracking Simulations Near Half-Integer Resonance at PEP-II

Beam-beam simulations predict that PEP-II luminosity can be increased by operating the horizontal betatron tune near and above a half-integer resonance. However, effects of the resonance and its synchrotron sidebands significantly enhance betatron and chromatic perturbations which tend to reduce dynamic aperture. In the study, chromatic variation of horizontal tune near the resonance was minimized by optimizing local sextupoles in the Interaction Region. Dynamic aperture was calculated using tracking simulations in LEGO code. Dependence of dynamic aperture on the residual orbit, dispersion and distortion of beta function after correction was investigated.Comment: 4 page

The child attachment interview: A psychometric study of reliability and discriminant validity

While well-established attachment measures have been developed for infancy, early childhood, and adulthood, a "measurement gap" has been identified in middle childhood, where behavioral or representational measures are not yet sufficiently robust. This article documents the development of a new measure-the Child Attachment Interview (CAI)-which seeks to bridge this gap. The CAI is a semistructured interview, in which children are invited to describe their relationships with their primary caregivers. The coding system is informed by the Adult Attachment Interview and the Strange Situation Procedure, and produces 4 attachment categories along with a continuous measure of attachment security based on ratings of attachment-related dimensions. The main psychometric properties are presented, including interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, and concurrent and discriminant validities, both for normally developing children and for those referred for mental health treatment. The CAI correlates as expected with other attachment measures and predicts independently collected ratings of social functioning. The findings suggest that the CAI is a reliable, valid, and promising measure of child-parent attachment in middle childhood. Directions for improvements to the coding system are discussed

Collaborative environments to the innovation supported by smart agent with sustainable approach

Existe una nueva categoría de herramientas emergentes conocidas como CAI (innovación asistida por ordenador). CAI ha ido creciendo como respuesta a las mayores demandas de fiabilidad de la industria en productos innovadores, bajo el paradigma de Industria 4.0. Algunas ideas y conceptos iniciales de CAI se basan en la asistencia al diseñador de productos en las etapas tempranas del proceso de diseño y desarrollo de productos. El objetivo de estas herramientas es ayudar a los innovadores, inventores, diseñadores, desarrolladores de procesos y gerentes en su desempeño creativo, con la expectativa de cambios en los paradigmas a través del uso de esta nueva categoría de herramientas de software. Por ello, se ha elaborado un entorno colaborativo para la innovación soportado por agentes inteligentes distribuidos con enfoque sostenible, dando soporte en las etapas tempranas del diseño y desarrollo del producto a través de una nueva herramienta CAI. Al mismo tiempo se ha desarrollado una estructura de conocimiento basado en commonKADS implementándola en cinco agentes inteligentes distribuidos para dar soporte al entorno colaborativo.Currently there is a new category of emerging tools known as CAI (Computer Assisted Innovation). CAI has been growing as a response to greater demands of reliability on the industry in innovative products, under the paradigm of Industry 4.0. Some ideas and initial concepts of CAI are based on the assistance to the product designer in the early stages of the product design and development process. The aim of these tools is to help innovators, inventors, designers, process developers and managers in their creative performance, expecting changes in the paradigm through the use of this new category of software tools. Therefore, a collaborative environment for innovation supported by intelligent agents distributed with a sustainable approach has been developed, providing support in the early stages of product design and development through a new CAI tool. At the same time, a knowledge structure based on commonKADS has been developed, implementing it in five distributed intelligent agents to support the collaborative environment