Possibility of using lichen and mistletoe extracts as potential natural wood preservative

Increasing environmental pressures on toxic chemical wood preservatives lead to the development of natural and environmentally friendly wood preservatives. In this study, using possibilities of lichen (Usnea filipendula) and leaves of mistletoe (Viscum album) as potential natural wood preservative were researched. Impregnation procedure was applied at four different concentration levels and with two different extraction methods (hot water and methanol). The concentration levels were arranged as 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% for hot water and as 3.75%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 18.75% for methanol. The treatment procedure has been applied according to the ASTM D 1413 (1988) standard test method. The fungal decay test has been done according to the EN 113 (1996) standard test method using a brown rot fungus, Coniophora puteana for both treated test and untreated control samples. The best results were obtained at the highest concentration level of the solutions. However, the weight losses in treated test specimen have not met the standard requirements. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that both natural extracts provide promising protection performance

Mechanical and Chemical Behavior of Beech Wood Modified by Heat

In this study the effects of heat treatment on compression strength of beech wood (Fagus orientalis) were examined, and changes in the chemical structure of the treated wood were determined by analyzing contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.Heat treatment was applied on the test samples in an oven at four different temperatures (130°C, 150°C, 180°C, and 200°C) and three different durations (2, 6, and 10 h) under atmospheric pressure.The results indicate that the effects of heat treatment on compression strength values generally exhibited a decrease with increased duration and temperature as expected. In the chemical properties, it was seen that hemicelluloses were the wood-cell components most degraded by the heat treatment

Alkaline Enzyme Treatment of Spruce Wood to Increase Permeability

In this study, spruce sapwood was administered an alkaline enzyme treatment to improve the flow of wood liquid so that more preservative chemicals could be injected. Spruce wood is recognised as a refractory wood species. Pit membranes play an important role in liquid flow. In this study, an alkaline pectinase enzyme was applied to remove the pectin layer on the torus of the pits and margo. After enzymatic treatment, the pectin layers on the pit membrane were removed. When samples were investigated by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), it was evident that pit membranes were destroyed and the permeability increased. In addition, no noteworthy weight loss was observed

Possibility of using lichen and mistletoe extracts as potential natural wood preservative

Increasing environmental pressures on toxic chemical wood preservatives lead to the development of natural and environmentally friendly wood preservatives. In this study, using possibilities of lichen (Usnea filipendula) and leaves of mistletoe (Viscum album) as potential natural wood preservative were researched. Impregnation procedure was applied at four different concentration levels and with two different extraction methods (hot water and methanol). The concentration levels were arranged as 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% for hot water and as 3.75%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 18.75% for methanol. The treatment procedure has been applied according to the ASTM D 1413 (1988) standard test method. The fungal decay test has been done according to the EN 113 (1996) standard test method using a brown rot fungus, Coniophora puteana for both treated test and untreated control samples. The best results were obtained at the highest concentration level of the solutions. However, the weight losses in treated test specimen have not met the standard requirements. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that both natural extracts provide promising protection performance

IMPROVING OF THE IMPREGNABILITY OF REFRACTORY SPRUCE WOOD BY BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS PRETREATMENT

In this study it was aimed to improve impregnability of spruce (Picea orientalis L.) wood with bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis A1) pretreatment, using copper/chromium/arsenic Type C (CCA-C) and copper azole Type A (CBA-A). The effects of Bacillus licheniformis A1 on weight loss, copper uptake, and compression strength of samples were determined. Weight loss was slightly changed by bacterial degradation in all test groups. The best copper uptake cases were 1466 ppm for CCA-C and 2730 ppm for CBA-A. Improvement on copper uptake with bacteria pretreatment was in a range of 18 to 103% compared to control samples. Compression strength was decreased by bacterial degradation. However strength losses might be acceptable for several construction applications. Bacillus licheniformis A1 seems to have a good potential for increasing the permeability of spruce wood

Pristine biochar performance investigation to remove metals in primary and secondary treated municipal wastewater for groundwater recharge application.

In this study, pristine biochar derived from date palm at 500°C was used in batch reactors (simulating blending adsorbent in aeration tank) and fixed-bed columns (simulating holding adsorbent in fixed-bed reactors). The removal performance of the biochar was assessed toward single and mixed-metal solutions as well as synthetic primary and secondary treated wastewater for copper (Cu2+), iron (Fe2+), nickel (Ni2+) and zinc (Zn2+). The order of maximum adsorption capacities of the metal ions at pH 7 followed: Fe2+ (2.92/2.94 mg/g)>Cu2+(2.69/2.78 mg/g) >Zn2+(2.03/2.19 mg/g)>Ni2+(1.69/1.02 mg/g) in single/mixed-metal solutions and Zn2+(2.91/11.26 mg/g)>Fe2+(0.60/5.29 mg/g)>Cu2+(0.56/5.05 mg/g)>Ni2+(0.13/2.02 mg/g) in synthetic primary/secondary treated wastewater. Blending biochar in aeration tank reduced metal concentrations. The metal ion concentrations in the final effluent were below the World Health Organization drinking water limits (2, 0.3, 0.1 and 3 mg/L for Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+, respectively) suggesting that treated secondary wastewater can be spread into potable aquifers following disinfection. The Freundlich and the Pseudo-second order models fit best the batch experimental data. Experimental data from column analysis fit well to the Thomas model. The adsorption of metal ions on the surface of biochar was confirmed by Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray studies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Desorption studies using different eluents demonstrated the reusability potential of the studied biochar

Pristine biochar performance investigation to remove metals in primary and secondary treated municipal wastewater for groundwater recharge application

In this study, pristine biochar derived from date palm at 500°C was used in batch reactors (simulating blending adsorbent in aeration tank) and fixed-bed columns (simulating holding adsorbent in fixed-bed reactors). The removal performance of the biochar was assessed toward single and mixed-metal solutions as well as synthetic primary and secondary treated wastewater for copper (Cu2+), iron (Fe2+), nickel (Ni2+) and zinc (Zn2+). The order of maximum adsorption capacities of the metal ions at pH 7 followed: Fe2+ (2.92/2.94 mg/g)>Cu2+(2.69/2.78 mg/g) >Zn2+(2.03/2.19 mg/g)>Ni2+(1.69/1.02 mg/g) in single/mixed-metal solutions and Zn2+(2.91/11.26 mg/g)>Fe2+(0.60/5.29 mg/g)>Cu2+(0.56/5.05 mg/g)>Ni2+(0.13/2.02 mg/g) in synthetic primary/secondary treated wastewater. Blending biochar in aeration tank reduced metal concentrations. The metal ion concentrations in the final effluent were below the World Health Organization drinking water limits (2, 0.3, 0.1 and 3 mg/L for Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+, respectively) suggesting that treated secondary wastewater can be spread into potable aquifers following disinfection. The Freundlich and the Pseudo-second order models fit best the batch experimental data. Experimental data from column analysis fit well to the Thomas model. The adsorption of metal ions on the surface of biochar was confirmed by Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray studies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Desorption studies using different eluents demonstrated the reusability potential of the studied biochar

Bazı Odun Kabuklarının Kimyasal Analizi

Önemli bir biokütle kaynağı olan ağaç kabuklarının kimyasal yapısı çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada üç farklı ağaç kabuğunun kimyasal bileşenleri incelenmiştir. Hücre duvarını oluşturan temel bileşenlerin (holoselüloz, alfa selüloz, lignin) kabuk içerisindeki oranları belirlenmiştir. Kabukta bulunan polisakkarit miktarı oduna oranla bir hayli düşük bulunmuştur. Kabuğun alkol-benzen, soğuk ve sıcak su ve %1 NaOH içerisindeki çözünme miktarı incelenmiştir. Kabuktaki çözünme miktarının oduna oranla yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ağaç kabuklarındaki kül oranı da incelenmiş ve oranların oduna kıyasla yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir

Bazı Odun Kabuklarının Kimyasal Analizi

Önemli bir biokütle kaynağı olan ağaç kabuklarının kimyasal yapısı çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada üç farklı ağaç kabuğunun kimyasal bileşenleri incelenmiştir. Hücre duvarını oluşturan temel bileşenlerin (holoselüloz, alfa selüloz, lignin) kabuk içerisindeki oranları belirlenmiştir. Kabukta bulunan polisakkarit miktarı oduna oranla bir hayli düşük bulunmuştur. Kabuğun alkol-benzen, soğuk ve sıcak su ve %1 NaOH içerisindeki çözünme miktarı incelenmiştir. Kabuktaki çözünme miktarının oduna oranla yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ağaç kabuklarındaki kül oranı da incelenmiş ve oranların oduna kıyasla yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir

A novel and green synthesis of mixed phase CoO@Co3O4@C anode material for lithium ion batteries

CoO composite materials had attracted wide attention due to their potential application in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). We report a green and novel solution method for making pristine Co3O4 and mixed phase CoO@Co3O4@C composite anode electrodes in LIBs. The anode materials characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD diffraction pattern reveals that composite anode contains as a major phase of CoO and small amounts of cubic Co3O4 and Co metal peaks are found as impurity phases. The SEM micrographs showed that CoO, Co3O4, and Co phases are distributed in amorphous carbon network. The electrochemical behavior of anodes material is investigated by galvanostatic discharge/charge measurements and cyclic voltammetry. The composite anode shows a reversible specific capacity approaching 447 +/- 5mAhg(-1) after 10cycles at 100 and 107 +/- 5mAhg(-1) after 50cycles at 500mAg(-1)as well as improved cyclic stability and excellent rate capability. The enhancement of the electrochemical performance is attributed to the good electric contact between the particles, easier lithium ion diffusion, and suppression of volume change of anode