New records of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from the state of Roraima, northern Brazil

The Brazilian spider fauna comprises thousands of described species, mostly known by only one or two records, and there are large sampling gaps. The spider fauna of the state of Roraima is enigmatic in Brazil and remains largely unknown. Herein, we present a list of spider species recently collected during an expedition in Roraima. Species-level identifications were possible for 229 adult individuals of 54 species. Five species are newly recorded from Brazil, and 30 species are presented for the first time from Roraima. Most of these new records are represented by widespread species, representing the huge and historical deficiency in the spider sampling throughout Roraima

The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015

Revisão e análise filogenética do gênero Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)

A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 is presented. The analysis is based on a data set including 24 Glenognatha species plus eight outgroup representatives of three additional tetragnathine genera and one metaine, scored for 82 morphological characters. Eight unambiguous synapomorphies support the monophyly of Glenognatha, all free of homoplasy. Some internal clades within the genus are well-supported and its relationships are discussed. The genus Glenognatha has a broad distribution occupying the Neartic, Neotropic, Afrotropic, Indo-Malaya and Oceania ecozones. As revised here, Glenognatha comprises 27 species, four of them only know from males. New morphological data are provided for the description of thirteen previously described species. Eleven species are newly described: G. sp. nov. 1, G. sp. nov. 3, G. sp. nov. 4 and G. sp. nov. 7 from southeast Brazil, G. sp. nov. 6, G. sp. nov. 9 and G. sp. nov. 10 from the Amazonian region, G. sp. nov. 2, G. sp. nov. 5 and G. sp. nov. 8 from northern Andes and G. sp. nov. 11 from central Mexico and Southern United States. Females of G. minuta Banks, 1898, G. gaujoni Simon, 1895 and G. gloriae (Petrunkevitch, 1930) and males of G. globosa (Petrunkevitch, 1925) and G. hirsutissima (Berland, 1935) are described for the first time. Three new combinations are proposed in congruence with the phylogenetic results: G. argyrostilba (O. P.-Cambridge, 1876), G. dentata (Zhu & Wen, 1978) and G. tangi (Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003), all previously included in Dyschiriognatha. The following taxa are newly synonymized: Dyschiriognatha montana Simon, 1897, Glenognatha mira Bryant, 1945 and Glenognatha maelfaiti Baert, 1987 with Glenognatha argyrostilba (O. P.-Cambridge, 1876) and Glenognatha centralis Chamberlin, 1925 with Glenognatha minuta Banks, 1898. A key to species of Glenognatha and distribution maps are provided.A revisão taxonômica e análise cladística do gênero Glenognatha Simon, 1887 é apresentada. A análise é baseada em uma matriz que inclui 24 espécies de Glenognatha, oito representantes do grupo externo, incluindo três gêneros da subfamília Tetragnathinae e um de Metainae, e 82 caracteres morfológicos. Oito sinapomorfias não ambíguas sustentam a monofilia de Glenognatha, todas não homoplásticas. Alguns clados internos dentro do gênero são bem suportados e suas relações são discutidas. O gênero Glenognatha apresenta uma ampla distribuição ocupando as regiões Neártica, Neotropical, Afrotropical, Indo-Malaya, Australasia e Oceania. Vinte e sete espécies de Glenognatha são reconhecidas, quatro delas somente conhecidas por machos. Novos dados morfológicos são fornecidos para a descrição de treze espécies previamente conhecidas. Onze espécies novas são descritas: G. sp. nov. 1, G. sp. nov. 3, G. sp. nov. 4 e G. sp. nov. 7 do sudeste do Brasil, G. sp. nov. 6, G. sp. nov. 9 e G. sp. nov. 10 da região Amazônica, G. sp. nov. 2, G. sp. nov. 5 e G. sp. nov. 8 do norte da cordilheira dos Andes e G. sp. nov. 11 da região central do México e sul dos Estados Unidos. As fêmeas de G. minuta Banks, 1898, G. gaujoni Simon, 1895 e G. gloriae (Petrunkevitch, 1930) e os machos de G. globosa (Petrunkevitch, 1925) e G. hirsutissima (Berland, 1935) são descritos por primeira vez. São propostas três novas combinações em congruência com os resultados da análise cladística: Glenognatha argyrostilba (O. P.-Cambridge, 1876), Glenognatha dentata (Zhu & Wen, 1978) e Glenognatha tangi (Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003), todas previamente incluídas no gênero Dyschiriognatha. Quatro sinonímias são propostas: Dyschiriognatha montana Simon, 1897, Glenognatha mira Bryant, 1945 e Glenognatha maelfaiti Baert, 1987 com Glenognatha argyrostilba (O. P.-Cambridge, 1876) e Glenognatha centralis Chamberlin, 1925 com Glenognatha minuta Banks, 1898. É apresentada uma chave para a identificação e mapas de distribuição para as espécie

FIGURE 40. Glenognatha dentata. A–D in Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)

FIGURE 40. Glenognatha dentata. A–D, male left palp, schematic (MCZ 84023). A, ventral. B, conductor, ventral. C, conductor, dorsal. D, embolus, ventral. E–H, male left palp (USNM). E, ventral. F, dorsal. G, prolateral. H, retrolateral. Scale bars, 100 µm. C: conductor. CB: cymbium. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. ED: ejaculatory duct. EMg: embolic medial groove. P: paracymbium. T: tegulum. TO: tarsal organ.Published as part of Jimmy Cabra-García & Antonio D. Brescovit, 2016, Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-183 in Zootaxa 4069 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4069.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/105414

Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)

Jimmy Cabra-García, Antonio D. Brescovit (2016): Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Zootaxa 4069 (1): 1-183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4069.1.

FIGURE 21. Glenognatha lacteovittata. A–C, male left chelicerae. A, anterior. B, posterior. C, mesal. D–F, female left chelicerae. D, anterior. E in Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)

FIGURE 21. Glenognatha lacteovittata. A–C, male left chelicerae. A, anterior. B, posterior. C, mesal. D–F, female left chelicerae. D, anterior. E, posterior (arrows, cheliceral bulges). F, mesal, box defines area of figure G (arrows, cheliceral bulges).G, cheliceralsetae. Scale bars, 100 µm. CFO:cheliceral fang outgrowth.Ret: retromarginal tooth

FIGURE 69. Glenognatha caparu new species from Colombia. A–D in Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)

FIGURE 69. Glenognatha caparu new species from Colombia. A–D, male left palp, schematic (Paratype, ICN 5980). A, ventral. B, conductor, ventral.C, conductor, dorsal.D, embolus, ventral. E–H, male left palp (Holotype, ICN 5979). E, ventral. F, dorsal. G,prolateral.H, retrolateral.Scale bars, 100 µm. C: conductor.CB: cymbium.CRa:conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus.ED: ejaculatory duct.EMg:embolic medial groove.P: paracymbium.T: tegulum

FIGURE 70. Glenognatha caparu new species. A–E, female genitalia. A, dorsal. B in Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)

FIGURE 70. Glenognatha caparu new species. A–E, female genitalia. A, dorsal. B, ventral (arrow, uterus externus distal portion).C, lateral.D–E, spermathecae and copulatory duct. F–I, embolus and conductor. F, ventral.G, anteroventral.H, dorsal (arrow, sharpened projections). I, dorsoretrolateral. J, paracymbium. K, tarsal organ. L–M, female tracheal system. L, dorsal. M, median trunk. Scale bars, 20 µm (A–C, F–L), 10 µm (D–E, M). C: conductor. CD: copulatory duct. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. EMg: embolic medial groove. LSD: long-stem ducts. LT: lateral trunk. MC: membranous chamber.MT: mediantrunk.PBP:paracymbium basal portion.PDP:paracymbium distal portion.S: spermathecae.T:tegulum. UE: uterus externus

FIGURE 118 in Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)

FIGURE 118. Glenognatha timbira new species from Brazil (Paratypes, MNRJ 6598). A–D, male habitus. A, dorsal. B, lateral. C, ventral. D, frontal. E–H, female habitus. E, dorsal. F, lateral. G, ventral. H, frontal. Scale bars, 500 µm. TS: tracheal spiracle