Global stability analysis of axisymmetric liquid-liquid flow focusing

Article number A10We analyse both numerically and experimentally the stability of the steady jetting tip streaming produced by focusing a liquid stream with another liquid current when they coflow through the orifice of an axisymmetric nozzle. We calculate the global eigenmodes characterizing the response of this configuration to small-amplitude perturbations. In this way, the critical conditions leading to the instability of the steady jetting tip streaming are determined. The unstable perturbations are classified according to their oscillatory character and to the region where they originate (convective and absolute instability). We derive and explain in terms of the velocity field a simple scaling law to predict the diameter of the emitted jet. The numerical stability limits are compared with experimental results, finding reasonable agreement. The experiments confirm the existence of the two instability mechanisms predicted by the global stability analysisMinisterio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España) DPI2016-78887Junta de Extremadura GR18175Junta de Andalucía P18-FR-362

Bacteria-Carried Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Treatment of Anemia

The efficiency of maghemite nanoparticles for the treatment of anemia was sensibly higher when nanoparticles were incorporated onto the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum (MNP-bacteria) than when administrated as uncoated nanoparticles (MNP). Plasma iron and hemoglobin, intestine expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and duodenal Cytochrome b (DcytB), as well as hepatic expression of the hormone hepcidin were fully restored to healthy levels after administration of MNP-bacteria but not of MNP. A magnetic study on biodistribution and biodegradation showed accumulation of maghemite nanoparticles in intestine lumen when MNP-bacteria were administrated. In contrast, MNP barely reached intestine. In vivo MRI studies suggested the internalization of MNP-bacteria into enterocytes, which did not occur with MNP. Transmission electronic microscopy confirmed this internalization. The collective analysis of results point out that L. fermentum is an excellent carrier to overcome the stomach medium and drive maghemite nanoparticles to intestine, where iron absorption occurs. Due the probiotic ability to adhere to the gut wall, MNP-bacteria internalize into the enterocyte, where maghemite nanoparticles are delivered, providing an adequate iron level into enterocyte. This paper advances a new route for effective iron absorption in the treatment of anemia.The efficiency of maghemite nanoparticles for the treatment of anemia was sensibly higher when nanoparticles were incorporated onto the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum (MNP-bacteria) than when administrated as uncoated nanoparticles (MNP). Plasma iron and hemoglobin, intestine expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and duodenal Cytochrome b (DcytB), as well as hepatic expression of the hormone hepcidin were fully restored to healthy levels after administration of MNP-bacteria but not of MNP. A magnetic study on biodistribution and biodegradation showed accumulation of maghemite nanoparticles in intestine lumen when MNP-bacteria were administrated. In contrast, MNP barely reached intestine. In vivo MRI studies suggested the internalization of MNP-bacteria into enterocytes, which did not occur with MNP. Transmission electronic microscopy confirmed this internalization. The collective analysis of results point out that L. fermentum is an excellent carrier to overcome the stomach medium and drive maghemite nanoparticles to intestine, where iron absorption occurs. Due the probiotic ability to adhere to the gut wall, MNP-bacteria internalize into the enterocyte, where maghemite nanoparticles are delivered, providing an adequate iron level into enterocyte. This paper advances a new route for effective iron absorption in the treatment of anemia

Sex-specific association between the cortisol awakening response and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in healthy individuals

Background: Previous studies have shown associations between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity (HPA). We aimed to investigate the association between obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms and HPA axis functionality in a non-clinical sample and to explore whether there are sex differences in this relationship. Methods: One hundred eighty-three healthy individuals without any psychiatric diagnosis (80 men, 103 women; mean age 41.3 ± 17.9 years) were recruited from the general population. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R) was used to assess OC symptoms. State-trait anxiety, perceived stress, and stressful life events were also assessed. Saliva cortisol levels were determined at 6 time points (awakening, 30 and 60 min post-awakening, 10:00 a.m., 23:00 p.m. and 10:00 a.m. the following day of 0.25 mg dexamethasone intake [that occurred at 23:00 p.m.]). Three HPA axis measures were calculated: cortisol awakening response (CAR), cortisol diurnal slope, and cortisol suppression ratio after dexamethasone (DSTR). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the association between OC symptoms and HPA axis measures while adjusting for covariates. Our main analyses were focused on OCI-R total score, but we also explored associations with specific OC symptom dimensions. Results: No significant differences were observed between males and females in OC symptoms, anxiety measures, stress, or cortisol measures. In the multiple linear regression analyses between overall OC symptoms and HPA axis measures, a female sex by OC symptoms significant interaction (standardized beta = − 0.322; p = 0.023) for the CAR (but not cortisol diurnal slope nor DSTR) was found. Regarding specific symptom dimensions, two other sex interactions were found: a blunted CAR was associated with obsessing symptoms in women, whereas a more flattened diurnal cortisol slope was associated with ordering symptoms in men. Conclusions: There are sex differences in the association between OC symptoms and HPA axis measures in healthy individuals

HTLV-1 infection in solid organ transplant donors and recipients in Spain

HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease, despite infecting 10-15 million people worldwide and severe illnesses develop in 10% of carriers lifelong. Acknowledging a greater risk for developing HTLV-1 associated illnesses due to immunosuppression, screening is being widely considered in the transplantation setting. Herein, we report the experience with universal HTLV testing of donors and recipients of solid organ transplants in a survey conducted in Spain. All hospitals belonging to the Spanish HTLV network were invited to participate in the study. Briefly, HTLV antibody screening was performed retrospectively in all specimens collected from solid organ donors and recipients attended since the year 2008. A total of 5751 individuals were tested for HTLV antibodies at 8 sites. Donors represented 2312 (42.2%), of whom 17 (0.3%) were living kidney donors. The remaining 3439 (59.8%) were recipients. Spaniards represented nearly 80%. Overall, 9 individuals (0.16%) were initially reactive for HTLV antibodies. Six were donors and 3 were recipients. Using confirmatory tests, HTLV-1 could be confirmed in only two donors, one Spaniard and another from Colombia. Both kidneys of the Spaniard were inadvertently transplanted. Subacute myelopathy developed within 1 year in one recipient. The second recipient seroconverted for HTLV-1 but the kidney had to be removed soon due to rejection. Immunosuppression was stopped and 3 years later the patient remains in dialysis but otherwise asymptomatic. The rate of HTLV-1 is low but not negligible in donors/recipients of solid organ transplants in Spain. Universal HTLV screening should be recommended in all donor and recipients of solid organ transplantation in Spain. Evidence is overwhelming for very high virus transmission and increased risk along with the rapid development of subacute myelopathy

Naturaleza y cultura en Ámerica Latina

La concreción del XVIII Foro de Estudiantes Latinoamericanos de Antrología y Arqueología: Cultura y naturaleza en América Latina: escenarios para un modelo de desarrollo no civilizatorio, efectuado en Quito desde el 17 al 23 de julio del 2011, se constituyó en un acontecimiento sumamente significativo para la antropología latinoamericana debido a dos motivos. Primero porque coincidió con la emergencia del movimiento universitario estudiantil latinoamericano que expresaba sus tendencias, propuestas y exigencias de cambios tanto de las prácticas académicas como de los patrones civilizatorios que rigen las relaciones actuales. Segundo, porque se inscribía en un contexto de consolidación de las nuevas democracias de los países andinos, de carácter antineoliberal y basadas en los sujetos de derecho entre los cuales se incluye la naturaleza. Estos contextos determinaron que el Foro no ponga en escena certidumbres teóricas o metodológicas, ni se preste al exhibicionismo estéril de los avances disciplinares. Más bien, la convocatoria de la antropología y la arqueología fue apenas un pretexto para hablar, con su lenguaje, de nosotros mismos, de lo que somos, de lo que pensamos, de lo que aspiramos y sentimos sobre nuestra Latinoamérica. Lo que hemos visto, oído y compartido, en realidad, no han sido solamente ideas o conceptos sino opciones y toma de posiciones respecto a múltiples encrucijadas. Posición ante situaciones que amenazan la vida, la justicia y los derechos de todos, un desafío epistemológico todavía en ciernes y que no termina de cuajar aún en nuestras prácticas académicas

Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid, Marine ω‐3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a plant‐derived ω‐3 fatty acid. It is unclear whether ALA is beneficial in a background of high marine ω‐3 fatty acids (long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake. In persons at high cardiovascular risk from Spain, a country in which fish consumption is customarily high, we investigated whether meeting the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommendation for dietary ALA (0.7% of total energy) at baseline was related to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We also examined the effect of meeting the society's recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥500 mg/day). Methods and Results: We longitudinally evaluated 7202 participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios. ALA intake correlated to walnut consumption (r=0.94). During a 5.9‐y follow‐up, 431 deaths occurred (104 cardiovascular disease, 55 coronary heart disease, 32 sudden cardiac death, 25 stroke). The hazard ratios for meeting ALA recommendation (n=1615, 22.4%) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.92) for all‐cause mortality and 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.57) for fatal cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios for meeting the recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n=5452, 75.7%) were 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05) for all‐cause mortality, 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.96) for fatal cardiovascular disease, 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–0.99) for fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.22–1.01) for sudden cardiac death. The highest reduction in all‐cause mortality occurred in participants meeting both recommendations (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.87]). Conclusions: In participants without prior cardiovascular disease and high fish consumption, dietary ALA, supplied mainly by walnuts and olive oil, relates inversely to all‐cause mortality, whereas protection from cardiac mortality is limited to fish‐derived long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.Controlled-trials.com/. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639

Evolución morfoestructural de la raza caprina Blanca Serrana basada en su cruzamiento para mejorar la producción lechera

The conservation of endangered breeds requires to develope an ethnological census of genetic resources available. In this way. we have studied 98 (only meat producing aptitude) and 79 (double function of meat-milk) goats of the Andalusian Blanca Serrana breed belonging to two farms. We have controlled 14 qualitative and 10 quantitative variables and 11 derived indexes. tocharacterize the breed ethnologically and show its racial standard and also. to complete and actualize data from other autors. With the qualitative data we define the visible phenotypic profile as it is done for other breeds in Europe and the N of Spain. Host of the variables differentiate both productive populations; the canonical coefficients showthat head length and cannon bone and thoracic perimeters are the most significant onesPara la conservación de una raza en peligro de extinción se precisa un censo etnológico de los recursos genéticos con los que se puede contar. Desde esta óptica. se ha trabajado con 98 animales (sólo producci6n de carne) y 79 (doble aptitud carne-leche) de raza caprina Blanca Serrana Andaluza pertenecientes a dos ganaderías. Se han controlado 10 medidas cuantitativas, 11 índices derivados y 14 variables cualitativas. que se emplean para caracterizar etnológicamente la raza. Se expone el estándar racial. completando y actualizando los valores de otros autores. Las variables cualitativas han permitido definir el perfil fenotípico visible de la raza. lo que se une a lo realizado por otros investigadores en razas caprinas de Europa y del Norte de España. La mayor parte de las variables diferencian a las dos poblaciones productivas establececidas como se aprecia por la represencaci6n can6nlca. Los coeficientes canónicos indican que las más significativas son la longitud de la cabeza y perímetros de la caña y torácico

On the hydrodynamic focusing for producing microemulsions via tip streaming

In this work we study experimentally and numerically the stability of hydrodynamic focusing to produce microemulsions. The jetting regime was produced experimentally for the lowest outer viscosity, while microdripping was obtained for the highest outer viscosity. The liquid ejection for small capillary numbers stabilizes as the distance between the feeding capillary and the focusing orifice decreases. The comparison between confined selective withdrawal and stretched flow focusing for the largest outer viscosity shows that confined selective withdrawal significantly enhances the stability of the microdripping mode, which entails a significant reduction of the minimum value of the droplet diameter. When surfactants are dissolved in the inner liquid at sufficiently large concentrations, we observe a significant decrease in both the minimum flow rate leading to tip streaming and the droplet diameter. The surfactant monolayer stabilizes the meniscus and promotes the transition from microdripping to jetting. The global stability analysis shows that jetting via tip streaming becomes unstable due to the growth of an oscillatory perturbation. The unstable perturbation affects the tapering meniscus for the lowest outer viscosity, which explains why the meniscus oscillates in the experiments. The critical flow rate ratio is accurately predicted by the global stability analysis in most of the experiments with the lowest outer viscosity. For the highest outer viscosity, the global stability analysis correctly predicts the microdripping mode and allows one to calculate the droplet emission frequency in that mode.Gobierno de Extremadura GR18175Ministerio de Ciencia y Educacion PID2019-108278RB-C32/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033Junta de Andalucía P18-FR-362

The origen of the bovine retinta breed

There is enough coincidence in considering as an antecesor of the Retinta breed and in general of the red subconvex spanish bovine the african origin Bos primigenius, Hahni variety, considered alone or by means of its union with some other native bovine originally formed in Andalucia after a long period of isolation. The propitious conditions for this isolation would be produced when the Iberian peninsula would definitively separate from North Africa, what probably did happen between the ninth and sixth millennium b.C.. From this date until the first humans accompanied by domesticated bovines, or well, until the necessary cultural level for domestication is reached, it has passed an extensive period of time in which the native bovine pointed out by different authors could have configurated, and whom for us would establish the not yet differentiated ancestor of the european and asian bovine. The farness of Andalucía in respect to the nuclei of domestication and its possible isolation by the south, permit to consider the Retinto as a very ancient breed if we apply what Lauvergne(1979) quoted: The breeds that are found furthest from the center of diffusion are the most ancient and primitive.Existe bastante coincidencia en considerar como antecesor de la raza Retinta y en general del bovino subconvexo rojo español al Bos primigenius variedad Hahni de procedencia africana, bien como tal o mediante su unión con algún otro bovino autóctono formado en Andalucía tras un largo periodo de aislamiento. Las condiciones propicias para este aislamiento se producirían al separarse definitivamente la península Ibérica del Norte de África, lo que pudo suceder entre el noveno y sexto milenio a.C. Desde esta fecha hasta que llegan las primeras corrientes humanas acompañadas de bovinos domesticados, o bien hasta que se alcanza la cultura necesaria para proceder a su domesticación, transcurre un amplio periodo de tiempo durante el que se podría haber configurado el bovino autóctono señalado por diferentes autores y que para nosotros constituiría el ancestro, aún no diferenciado, del bovino europeo y asiático. La lejanía de Andalucía con respecto a los núcleos de domesticación y su posible aislamiento por el sur, permiten considerar al Retinto como una raza muy antigua si aplicamos lo expuesto por Lauvergne (1979): Las razas que se encuentran más lejanas del centro de difusión son las más antiguas y primitivas