Training Profiles of Collegiate Swimmers: A Survey of NCAA Division I, II, and III Coaches About Their Male Freestyle Swimmers During the 1993-94 Swimming Season

The lack of information about how the majority of college swimming teams train encouraged the author to conduct the following study. A cover letter and questionnaire, regarding training methods, were sent to all 377 NCAA men\u27s swimming coaches (Division I, II, and III) in the United States, as listed in the 1993-94 NCAA Directory. Approximately 50 percent of all surveys were returned with an equal response rate from each of the respective divisions. Questions regarded team division and size, the coaches experience level and recent training changes, months of peak training during the 1993-94 collegiate season, peak training volume and frequency, time spent building an endurance base, percentages of times spent at three intensity levels (aerobic, anaerobic threshold, and anaerobic), and finally number of team members who accomplishing specific time standards based on NCAA National Championship time standards for the 50, 200, and 1650 freestyle events. Upon examination of the results, the author concludes that a significant proportion of NCAA Division I teams do not have financial scholarships. During the peak training months of the 1993-94 collegiate season, the majority of institutions surveyed responded that they perform approximately 6,000 to 10,000 yards per day. Although distance swimmers at all divisions and some sprint swimmers at Division I reported to train further compared to the other groups, only Division I distance swimmers commonly reported to train more than 10,000 yards per day. Distance swimmers in each division spent more time swimming aerobically and at the anaerobic threshold than did sprinters. Also, Division I sprinters spent more time at the aerobic level than sprinters in the other two divisions. Most distance groups only performed approximately 15 percent of their training time at the anaerobic level, while many sprint groups spent between 15 to 40 percent of their time at this intensity. Twice as many swimmers within this population obtained national time standards at the 50 yard freestyle compared to the 1650 yard freestyle, which may have been the result of the moderate swimming volume levels observed in this population

Training Profiles of Collegiate Swimmers: A Survey of NCAA Division I, II, and III Coaches About Their Male Freestyle Swimmers During the 1993-94 Swimming Season

The lack of information about how the majority of college swimming teams train encouraged the author to conduct the following study. A cover letter and questionnaire, regarding training methods, were sent to all 377 NCAA men\u27s swimming coaches (Division I, II, and III) in the United States, as listed in the 1993-94 NCAA Directory. Approximately 50 percent of all surveys were returned with an equal response rate from each of the respective divisions. Questions regarded team division and size, the coaches experience level and recent training changes, months of peak training during the 1993-94 collegiate season, peak training volume and frequency, time spent building an endurance base, percentages of times spent at three intensity levels (aerobic, anaerobic threshold, and anaerobic), and finally number of team members who accomplishing specific time standards based on NCAA National Championship time standards for the 50, 200, and 1650 freestyle events. Upon examination of the results, the author concludes that a significant proportion of NCAA Division I teams do not have financial scholarships. During the peak training months of the 1993-94 collegiate season, the majority of institutions surveyed responded that they perform approximately 6,000 to 10,000 yards per day. Although distance swimmers at all divisions and some sprint swimmers at Division I reported to train further compared to the other groups, only Division I distance swimmers commonly reported to train more than 10,000 yards per day. Distance swimmers in each division spent more time swimming aerobically and at the anaerobic threshold than did sprinters. Also, Division I sprinters spent more time at the aerobic level than sprinters in the other two divisions. Most distance groups only performed approximately 15 percent of their training time at the anaerobic level, while many sprint groups spent between 15 to 40 percent of their time at this intensity. Twice as many swimmers within this population obtained national time standards at the 50 yard freestyle compared to the 1650 yard freestyle, which may have been the result of the moderate swimming volume levels observed in this population

Exploring the Overlap Between Dyslexia and Speech Sound Production Deficits

Purpose Children with dyslexia have speech production deficits in a variety of spoken language contexts. In this article, we discuss the nature of speech production errors in children with dyslexia, including those who have a history of speech sound disorder and those who do not, to familiarize speech-language pathologists with speech production-specific risk factors that may help predict or identify dyslexia in young children. Method In this tutorial, we discuss the role of a phonological deficit in children with dyslexia and how this may manifest as speech production errors, sometimes in conjunction with a speech sound disorder but sometimes not. We also briefly review other factors outside the realm of phonology that may alert the speech-language pathologist to possible dyslexia. Results Speech-language pathologists possess unique knowledge that directly contributes to the identification and remediation of children with dyslexia. We present several clinical recommendations related to speech production deficits in children with dyslexia. We also review what is known about how and when children with speech sound disorder are most at risk for dyslexia. Conclusion Speech-language pathologists have a unique opportunity to assist in the identification of young children who are at risk for dyslexia

Global Journalist: The future of space exploration: United States, Russia, and China

On this February 12, 2004 program of Global Journalist, science journalists discuss the ambitions of space programs between the United States, Russia, China, and how they all occupy in the same realm of space exploration. Host: Stuart Loory. Guests: Christopher Bodeen, Michael Cabbage, Oliver Morton, Simon Saradzhyan. Producers: Renata Johnson, Pareetha George (?), Unta Kon (?). Directors: Pat Akers

Perceptual skills underlying phonological deficits in children: Evidence from behavioral and electrophysiological measures of speech perception

Deficits in phonology, which are related to the organization and retrieval of speech sounds in the mental lexicon are associated with two distinct clinical disorders, dyslexia (DYS) and speech-sound disorder (SSD). Three studies were conducted to identify the relationship between speech perception and phonological functioning in these children. Thirty-eight children (7;6–9;6 years) with DYS, SSD, DYS/SSD and their typically-developing (TD) peers participated in this investigation. The first study presented children with three syllable discrimination tasks to determine their sensitivity to specific acoustic-phonetic contrasts. All children performed discriminated /bα – wα/, an early-developing acoustic contrast, equally well. Children with phonological impairments had more difficulty discriminating a spectro-temporal cue distinguishing place of articulation, /dα – gα/ than TD children. Children with SSD performed poorly discriminating a spectro-temporal cue for a speech production error, /rα – wα/. However, children with DYS/SSD discriminated this same contrast with no difficulty, despite the fact children in both groups exhibited a similar speech production error. The second study evaluated the importance of non-linguistic characteristics of speech on children with phonological deficits and their TD peers during word recognition. All children performed equally well on the word recognition tasks. However, exploratory analysis revealed children with SSD exhibit particular weakness for the processing of fine spectral cues during word recognition. The third study evaluated underlying neural processes during speech identification of three syllable contrasts. Findings showed that children with phonological deficits exhibited electrophysiological processing differences as compared to their TD peers. Children with DYS or SSD exhibited delayed and inefficient neural processing for /dα – gα/, whereas children with DYS/SSD exhibited further delayed and more inefficient neural processing for this same contrast. Children with SSD and DYS/SSD discriminated /rα – wα/ at a significantly later stage of neural processing than their peers. These findings suggest children with disorders of phonology exhibit less efficient and less automatic neural processes for speech perception. Taken together, these studies provide evidence that measures of speech perception distinguish children with differing deficits in phonology. Further research is warranted to determine the utility of these measures for early identification for children at risk for long-term effects of these deficits

FY-87 packing fabrication techniques (commercial waste form) results

This report covers the investigation of fabrication techniques associated with the development of suitable materials and methods to provide a prefabricated packing for waste packages for the Basalt Waste Isolation Project (BWIP). The principal functions of the packing are to minimize container corrosion during the 300 to 1000 years following repository closure and provide long-term control of the release of radionuclides from the waste package. The investigative work, discussed in this report, was specifically conceived to develop the design criteria for production of full-scale prototypical packing rings. The investigative work included the preparation of procedures, the preparation of fabrication materials, physical properties, and the determination of the engineering properties. The principal activities were the preparation of the materials and the determination of the physical properties. 21 refs., 20 figs., 14 tabs

Poor Speech Perception Is Not a Core Deficit of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Preliminary Findings

Purpose Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is hypothesized to arise from deficits in speech motor planning and programming, but the influence of abnormal speech perception in CAS on these processes is debated. This study examined speech perception abilities among children with CAS with and without language impairment compared to those with language impairment, speech delay, and typically developing peers. Method Speech perception was measured by discrimination of synthesized speech syllable continua that varied in frequency (/dɑ/–/ɡɑ/). Groups were classified by performance on speech and language assessments and compared on syllable discrimination thresholds. Within-group variability was also evaluated. Results Children with CAS without language impairment did not significantly differ in syllable discrimination compared to typically developing peers. In contrast, those with CAS and language impairment showed significantly poorer syllable discrimination abilities compared to children with CAS only and typically developing peers. Children with speech delay and language impairment also showed significantly poorer discrimination abilities, with appreciable within-group variability. Conclusions These findings suggest that speech perception deficits are not a core feature of CAS but rather occur with co-occurring language impairment in a subset of children with CAS. This study establishes the significance of accounting for language ability in children with CAS

Yellows resistant /

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