54 research outputs found
The EFT Likelihood for Large-Scale Structure in Redshift Space
We study the EFT likelihood for biased tracers in redshift space, for which
the bias expansion of the galaxy velocity field plays a
fundamental role. The equivalence principle forbids stochastic contributions to
to survive at small . Therefore, at leading order in
derivatives the form of the likelihood to observe a redshift-space galaxy
overdensity given a rest-frame matter
and velocity fields , is fixed by
the rest-frame noise. If this noise is Gaussian with constant power spectrum,
is also a Gaussian in the
difference between and its bias
expansion: redshift-space distortions only make the covariance depend on
and . We then show how to match
this result to perturbation theory, and that one can consistently neglect the
field-dependent covariance if the bias expansion is stopped at second order in
perturbations. We discuss qualitatively how this affects numerical
implementations of the EFT-based forward modeling, and how the picture changes
when the survey window function is taken into account.Comment: 33 pages (29+4), 1 figure, matches published versio
How Gaussian can our Universe be?
Gravity is a non-linear theory, and hence, barring cancellations, the initial
super-horizon perturbations produced by inflation must contain some minimum
amount of mode coupling, or primordial non-Gaussianity. In single-field
slow-roll models, where this lower bound is saturated, non-Gaussianity is
controlled by two observables: the tensor-to-scalar ratio, which is uncertain
by more than fifty orders of magnitude; and the scalar spectral index, or tilt,
which is relatively well measured. It is well known that to leading and
next-to-leading order in derivatives, the contributions proportional to the
tilt disappear from any local observable, and suspicion has been raised that
this might happen to all orders, allowing for an arbitrarily low amount of
primordial non-Gaussianity. Employing Conformal Fermi Coordinates, we show
explicitly that this is not the case. Instead, a contribution of order the tilt
appears in local observables. In summary, the floor of physical primordial
non-Gaussianity in our Universe has a squeezed-limit scaling of
, similar to equilateral and orthogonal shapes, and a
dimensionless amplitude of order .Comment: 26 + 18 pages, 2 figures. References added and minor typos corrected.
Matches published versio
The EFT Likelihood for Large-Scale Structure
We derive, using functional methods and the bias expansion, the conditional
likelihood for observing a specific tracer field given an underlying matter
field. This likelihood is necessary for Bayesian-inference methods. If we
neglect all stochastic terms apart from the ones appearing in the auto
two-point function of tracers, we recover the result of Schmidt et al., 2018.
We then rigorously derive the corrections to this result, such as those coming
from a non-Gaussian stochasticity (which include the stochastic corrections to
the tracer bispectrum) and higher-derivative terms. We discuss how these
corrections can affect current applications of Bayesian inference. We comment
on possible extensions to our result, with a particular eye towards primordial
non-Gaussianity. This work puts on solid theoretical grounds the EFT-based
approach to Bayesian forward modeling.Comment: 53 pages (36+17), 4 tables. v2: matches JCAP version. Added section
to compare with Schmidt et al., 2018; added plot to show relative importance
of different contributions to log-likelihoo
A new scale in the bias expansion
The fact that the spatial nonlocality of galaxy formation is controlled by
some short length scale like the Lagrangian radius is the cornerstone of the
bias expansion for large-scale-structure tracers. However, the first sources of
ionizing radiation between and are expected to have
significant effects on the formation of galaxies we observe at lower redshift,
at least on low-mass galaxies. These radiative-transfer effects introduce a new
scale in the clustering of galaxies, i.e. the finite distance which ionizing
radiation travels until it reaches a given galaxy. This mean free path can be
very large, of order . Consequently, higher-derivative
terms in the bias expansion could turn out to be non-negligible even on these
scales: treating them perturbatively would lead to a massive loss in
predictivity and, for example, could spoil the determination of the BAO feature
or constraints on the neutrino mass. Here, we investigate under what
assumptions an explicit non-perturbative model of radiative-transfer effects
can maintain the robustness of large-scale galaxy clustering as a cosmological
probe.Comment: 33 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. Added discussion on time dependence of
galaxy response. Extended conclusions with discussion on velocity bias and
redshift-space distortions. Main results unchange
CMB anisotropies and spectral distortions: constraining inflation at small scales
Anisotropies in the angular power spectra of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature and polarization are sourced by inflationary perturbations on scales from 10^1 Mpc to 10^4 Mpc. Deviations of the CMB frequency spectrum from a black-body, instead, can probe inflationary perturbations on scales from 10^−4 Mpc to 10^−2 Mpc. These length scales are inaccessible to CMB and large-scale structure measurements. CMB spectral distortions, averaged over the whole sky, constrain the two-point function of primordial perturbations. Correlation of temperature and spectral distortion anisotropies, instead, can constrain their three-point function (making them a probe of primordial non-Gaussianity).
In the first part of this thesis I study what is the level of sensitivity needed, by an experiment measuring the CMB frequency spectrum, to detect the running of the spectral index of inflationary perturbations. I then investigate what is the minimal contribution to the correlation function between temperature and spectral distortion anisotropies that is expected in standard inflationary scenarios. Finally, I discuss what are the secondary contributions (arising from late-time gravitational evolution) to such angular correlation, and how they could bias constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity
The Likelihood for LSS: Stochasticity of Bias Coefficients at All Orders
In the EFT of biased tracers the noise field is not exactly
uncorrelated with the nonlinear matter field . Its correlation with
is effectively captured by adding stochasticities to each bias
coefficient. We show that if these stochastic fields are Gaussian (the impact
of their non-Gaussianity being subleading on quasi-linear scales anyway) it is
possible to resum exactly their effect on the conditional likelihood to observe a galaxy field given an underlying
. This resummation allows to take them into account in EFT-based
approaches to Bayesian forward modeling. We stress that the resulting
corrections to a purely Gaussian conditional likelihood with white-noise
covariance are the most relevant on scales where the EFT is under control: they
are more important than any non-Gaussianity of the noise .Comment: 15 pages. v2: very minor change in Eqs. (2.6), (2.8), (2.17), (2.19),
(3.16), (3.18), (3.19) to show factorization in real space of the
normalization of the likelihood, updated acknowledgements. v3: added section
on renormalization, matches published versio
Constraints on the early and late integrated Sachs-Wolfe effects from the Planck 2015 cosmic microwave background anisotropies in the angular power spectra
The Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect predicts additional anisotropies in the Cosmic MicrowaveBackground due to time variation of the gravitational potential when the expansion of the universeis not matter dominated. The ISW effect is therefore expected in the early universe, due to thepresence of relativistic particles at recombination, and in the late universe, when dark energy startsto dominate the expansion. Deviations from the standard picture can be parameterized byAeISWandAlISW, which rescale the overall amplitude of the early and late ISW effects. Analyzing themost recent CMB temperature spectra from the Planck 2015 release, we detect the presence of theearly ISW at high significance withAeISW= 1.06±0.04 at 68% CL and an upper limit for thelate ISW ofAlISW<1.1 at 95% CL. The inclusion of the recent polarization data from the Planckexperiment erases such 1.5σhint forAeISW6= 1. When considering the recent detections of the lateISW coming from correlations between CMB temperature anisotropies and weak lensing, a value ofAlISW= 0.85±0.21 is predicted at 68% CL, showing a 4σevidence. We discuss the stability of ourresult in the case of an extra relativistic energy component parametrized by the effective neutrinonumberNeffand of a CMB lensing amplitudeA
Running the running
We use the recent observations of Cosmic Microwave Background temperature and
polarization anisotropies provided by the Planck satellite experiment to place
constraints on the running and the running of the running of the spectral index
of primordial scalar fluctuations. We find
and at
, suggesting the presence of a running of the running at the
level of two standard deviations. We find no significant correlation between
and foregrounds parameters, with the exception of the
point sources amplitude at , , which shifts by
half sigma when the running of the running is considered. We further study the
cosmological implications of such preference for
by including in the analysis the
lensing amplitude , the curvature parameter , and the sum of
neutrino masses . We find that when the running of the running is
considered, Planck data are more compatible with the standard expectations of
and but still hint at possible deviations. The
indication for survives at two standard deviations when
external datasets such as BAO and CFHTLenS are included in the analysis, and
persists at standard deviations when CMB lensing is considered. We
discuss the possibility of constraining with current and
future measurements of CMB spectral distortions, showing that an experiment
like PIXIE could provide strong constraints on and
.Comment: 10+1 pages, 9 figures, 10 tables. Matches published versio
Imprints of Oscillatory Bispectra on Galaxy Clustering
Long-short mode coupling during inflation, encoded in the squeezed bispectrum
of curvature perturbations, induces a dependence of the local, small-scale
power spectrum on long-wavelength perturbations, leading to a scale-dependent
halo bias. While this scale dependence is absent in the large-scale limit for
single-field inflation models that satisfy the consistency relation, certain
models such as resonant non-Gaussianity show a peculiar behavior on
intermediate scales. We reconsider the predictions for the halo bias in this
model by working in Conformal Fermi Coordinates, which isolate the physical
effects of long-wavelength perturbations on short-scale physics. We find that
the bias oscillates with scale with an envelope similar to that of equilateral
non-Gaussianity. Moreover, the bias shows a peculiar modulation with the halo
mass. Unfortunately, we find that upcoming surveys will be unable to detect the
signal because of its very small amplitude. We also discuss non-Gaussianity due
to interactions between the inflaton and massive fields: our results for the
bias agree with those in the literature.Comment: 27+15 pages, 6 figures, matches JCAP versio
Spectral distortion anisotropies from single-field inflation
Distortions of the Cosmic Microwave Background energy spectrum of the
type are sensitive to the primordial power spectrum through the dissipation of
curvature perturbations on scales - .
Their angular correlation with large-scale temperature anisotropies is then
sensitive to the squeezed limit of the primordial bispectrum. For inflationary
models obeying the single-field consistency relation, we show that the observed
angular correlation that would correspond to the local shape vanishes
exactly. All leading non-primordial contributions, including all non-linear
production and projection effects, are of the "equilateral shape", namely
suppressed by , where is the Hubble radius at the end of the -era. Therefore, these
non-primordial contributions are orthogonal to a potential local primordial
signal (e.g. from multi-field inflation). Moreover, they are very small in
amplitude. Our results strengthen the position of distortions as the
ultimate probe of local primordial non-Gaussianity.Comment: 34 pages (21+13), 2 figures, matches JCAP versio
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