Argo data 1999-2019: two million temperature-salinity profiles and subsurface velocity observations from a global array of profiling floats.

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wong, A. P. S., Wijffels, S. E., Riser, S. C., Pouliquen, S., Hosoda, S., Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., Johnson, G. C., Martini, K., Murphy, D. J., Scanderbeg, M., Bhaskar, T. V. S. U., Buck, J. J. H., Merceur, F., Carval, T., Maze, G., Cabanes, C., Andre, X., Poffa, N., Yashayaev, I., Barker, P. M., Guinehut, S., Belbeoch, M., Ignaszewski, M., Baringer, M. O., Schmid, C., Lyman, J. M., McTaggart, K. E., Purkey, S. G., Zilberman, N., Alkire, M. B., Swift, D., Owens, W. B., Jayne, S. R., Hersh, C., Robbins, P., West-Mack, D., Bahr, F., Yoshida, S., Sutton, P. J. H., Cancouet, R., Coatanoan, C., Dobbler, D., Juan, A. G., Gourrion, J., Kolodziejczyk, N., Bernard, V., Bourles, B., Claustre, H., D'Ortenzio, F., Le Reste, S., Le Traon, P., Rannou, J., Saout-Grit, C., Speich, S., Thierry, V., Verbrugge, N., Angel-Benavides, I. M., Klein, B., Notarstefano, G., Poulain, P., Velez-Belchi, P., Suga, T., Ando, K., Iwasaska, N., Kobayashi, T., Masuda, S., Oka, E., Sato, K., Nakamura, T., Sato, K., Takatsuki, Y., Yoshida, T., Cowley, R., Lovell, J. L., Oke, P. R., van Wijk, E. M., Carse, F., Donnelly, M., Gould, W. J., Gowers, K., King, B. A., Loch, S. G., Mowat, M., Turton, J., Rama Rao, E. P., Ravichandran, M., Freeland, H. J., Gaboury, I., Gilbert, D., Greenan, B. J. W., Ouellet, M., Ross, T., Tran, A., Dong, M., Liu, Z., Xu, J., Kang, K., Jo, H., Kim, S., & Park, H. Argo data 1999-2019: two million temperature-salinity profiles and subsurface velocity observations from a global array of profiling floats. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 700, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00700.In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.AW, SR, and other scientists at the University of Washington (UW) were supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA15OAR4320063 to the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) at the UW. SW and other scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) were supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA19OAR4320074 (CINAR/WHOI Argo). The Scripps Institution of Oceanography's role in Argo was supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA15OAR4320071 (CIMEC). Euro-Argo scientists were supported by the Monitoring the Oceans and Climate Change with Argo (MOCCA) project, under the Grant Agreement EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.1/SI2.709624 for the European Commission

Chapitre 28. Santé et environnement

Si les notions de développement durable (DD) et de santé environnementale s’imposent progressivement, leurs fondements historiques divergent. Le triptyque du DD a émergé dans le cadre du souci planétaire de la préservation des ressources naturelles mettant en cause les formes actuelles de la croissance économique. Le lien entre la santé et l’environnement provient de l’hygiénisme revisité sous une forme totalement nouvelle, affranchie de tout déterminisme et appuyée sur la notion, encore bien..

Probabilistic Analysis of a French Legionellosis Outbreak Shows Potential Role of Wastewater Basin

Based on the data from a French outbreak of legionellosis, a probabilistic approach was developed to analyze and assess the potential role of several suspected sources of contamination. Potential dates of exposure of all cases were determined using back-calculation, using two probability distribution functions to model incubation period. A probabilistic analysis and risk assessment were then used to determine the most probable sources of contamination for each wave of the outbreak. The risk assessment was based on parameters representing emission and dispersion of Legionella: level and duration of emission; aerosol dispersion capacity; and probability of potential exposure for each patient. Four types of facilities containing the Legionella epidemic strain were analyzed: cooling towers, aerated wastewater basins, high pressure water cleaners, and car wash stations. The results highlighted the potential role of an aerated wastewater basin in the outbreak in addition to cooling towers. The role of high-pressure water cleaners and car wash stations appeared to be non-significant. This study also reveals the lack of knowledge on facility parameters that can be useful for microbial risk assessments. This type of probabilistic analysis can be used to quantitatively assess the risk for various facilities in order to manage a legionellosis outbreak

Création de la Société française de santé et environnement

International audienc

Santé et environnement : faits, représentations et valeurs

International audienc

Evaluation des risques sanitaires pour la population générale liés à la présence de formaldéhyde dans les environnements intérieurs et extérieurs

L'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire de l'environnement et du travail (Afsset) a conduit une évaluation des données toxicologiques et des risques sanitaires pour la population générale liés à la présence de formaldéhyde dans les environnements intérieurs et extérieurs. Des irritations oculaires et respiratoires sont attendues lors d'utilisations ponctuelles de certains produits domestiques émettant des concentrations importantes de formaldéhyde. Dans un contexte d'exposition chronique, des irritations sont à envisager notamment dans les logements. Le risque pour la population générale de développer un cancer du nasopharynx suite à l'inhalation de formaldéhyde seul semble pouvoir être écarté au vu des niveaux de concentration mesurés actuellement dans l'air intérieur

Valeurs guides de qualité d'air intérieur pour le formaldéhyde

La qualité de l'air intérieur représente une priorité de santé publique. Les Valeurs Guides de Qualité d'Air Intérieur (VGAI) fournissent une référence sanitaire pour protéger la population exposée dans les environnements intérieurs. L'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire de l'environnement et du travail (Afsset) et le Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB) ont ainsi constitué en 2005 un groupe de travail pour proposer des VGAI pour des polluants jugés prioritaires en France, en particulier le formaldéhyde. Le groupe de travail a ainsi réalisé une synthèse des concentrations de formaldéhyde relevées dans l'air intérieur en France, des effets sanitaires, des valeurs guides internationales ou nationales, ainsi que des valeurs toxicologiques de référence. L'analyse critique de ces valeurs a conduit le groupe de travail à proposer deux VGAI pour le formaldéhyde, protégeant à la fois de l'irritation oculaire et nasale et des cancers du nasopharynx : 50 μg.m-3 pour 2 heures d'exposition et 10 μg.m-3 pour une exposition chronique

Toxicokinetic and mass balance of morpholine in rats

Morpholine (MOR) has a broad spectrum of use and represents high risk of human exposure. Ingested MOR can undergo endogenous N-nitrosation in the presence of nitrosating agents forming N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), classified as possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.In this study, we evaluated the MOR toxicokinetics in six groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats orally exposed to 14C-radiolabelled MOR and NaNO2. The major urinary metabolite of MOR, N-nitrosohydroxyethylglycine (NHEG), was measured through HPLC as an index of endogenous N-nitrosation. Mass balance and toxicokinetic profile of MOR were determined by measuring radioactivity in blood/plasma and excreta.MOR reached maximum blood concentration 30 minutes after administration. Elimination rate was rapid (70% in 8h). Most of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine (80.9 ± 0.5%) and unchanged 14C-MOR was the main compound excreted in the urine (84% of the dose recovered). 5.8% of MOR is not absorbed and/or was not recovered.Endogenous nitrosation of MOR was demonstrated by the detection of NHEG. The maximum conversion rate found was 13.3 ± 1.2% and seems to be impacted by the MOR/NaNO2 ratio.These results help refining our knowledge of the endogenous production of NMOR, a possible human carcinogen. Morpholine (MOR) has a broad spectrum of use and represents high risk of human exposure. Ingested MOR can undergo endogenous N-nitrosation in the presence of nitrosating agents forming N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), classified as possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In this study, we evaluated the MOR toxicokinetics in six groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats orally exposed to 14C-radiolabelled MOR and NaNO2. The major urinary metabolite of MOR, N-nitrosohydroxyethylglycine (NHEG), was measured through HPLC as an index of endogenous N-nitrosation. Mass balance and toxicokinetic profile of MOR were determined by measuring radioactivity in blood/plasma and excreta. MOR reached maximum blood concentration 30 minutes after administration. Elimination rate was rapid (70% in 8h). Most of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine (80.9 ± 0.5%) and unchanged 14C-MOR was the main compound excreted in the urine (84% of the dose recovered). 5.8% of MOR is not absorbed and/or was not recovered. Endogenous nitrosation of MOR was demonstrated by the detection of NHEG. The maximum conversion rate found was 13.3 ± 1.2% and seems to be impacted by the MOR/NaNO2 ratio. These results help refining our knowledge of the endogenous production of NMOR, a possible human carcinogen.</p

Development of French Indoor Air quality guidelines

International audienceIndoor air quality guidelines (IAQGs) provide safe levels of indoor pollutant concentrations below which adverse health effects are not expected to occur in the general population, including susceptible subgroups. The French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety and the French Scientific and Technical Centre for Building have been leading a national working group to develop IAQGs based on health criteria. Firstly, a list of substances of concern was established for which IAQGs should be provided, and priority substances were identified. For each substance, toxicological and epidemiological data was reported and discussed. A critical effect and, if possible, a mode of action explaining the toxicity was described. Existing health based IAQGs already established and recommended by international groups or by some countries are collected, together with available toxicity reference values from the US Environmental Protection Agency, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Health Canada and the Dutch Agency for Environmental Health. After an in-depth analysis of these values, IAQGs are proposed. The production of an IAQG for a threshold pollutant (formaldehyde) and for a non-threshold carcinogenic compound (benzene) are presented as examples