Comparative analysis of export demand for manufactures in the euro area countries

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Determination of manufacturing exports in the euro area countries using a supply-demand model

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Las cuotas de exportación de la UEM

Artículo de revistaEl objetivo de este articulo es analizar la evolucion reciente de las cuotas de exportacion de la Union Economica y Monetaria (UEM) en los ultimos años relacionandola con alguna medida de competitividad precio, para tratar de identificar las causas del comportamiento diferencial de ambas variables. Para ello, se analizan los determinantes teoricos que subyacen en la relacion entre las cuotas y el tipo de cambio efectivo real. Repasa la trayectoria de la cuota de exportacion de la UEM y se compara con la registrada en otras areas economicas para examinar si la escasa respuesta de la cuota de exportacion a la depreciacion del tipo real en la UEM es un hecho general. Por ultimo, se analizan las cuotas de exportacion por areas y productos. (igg

Un análisis comparado de la demanda de exportación de manufacturas en los países de la UEM

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La reforma de la gobernanza económica en la UEM

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El Informe Anual de Crecimiento 2012 y el Semestre Europeo : nuevos mecanismos y prioridades de política económica en la UE

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Determinación de las exportaciones de manufacturas en los países de la UEM a partir de un modelo de oferta-demanda

Resumen del Documento de trabajo n. 0406 "Determinación de las exportaciones de manufacturas en los países de la UEM a partir de un modelo de oferta-demanda"Artículo de revist

La utilización de los índices de condiciones monetarias desde la perspectiva de un banco central

Las condiciones en los mercados monetarios constituyen, en el corto y medio plazo, un condicionante importante de las decisiones de gasto de los agentes y, por consiguiente, de la evolucion del ritmo de actividad economica y de la inflacion. De ahi la preocupacion por diseñar indicadores apropiados de dichas condiciones, especialmente tras los problemas que han presentado los agregados monetarios y crediticios para reflejar las variaciones en el grado de restriccion monetaria. Con este fin, algunos analistas y bancos centrales han comenzado a utilizar varios indices, que son una combinacion de tipos de interes y tipos de cambio, en terminos reales. Este trabajo analiza tanto la utilidad potencial de estos indices de condiciones monetarias para un banco central como los problemas que surgen en su interpretacion. Contiene graficos y bibliografia. (jcc) (jmp) (tsm) (mac

Effectiveness and Adherence to Closed Face Shields in the Prevention of COVID-19 Transmission: A Non-inferiority Randomized Controlled Trial in a Middle-Income Setting (COVPROSHIELD)

BACKGROUND: The use of respiratory devices can mitigate the spread of diseases such as COVID-19 in community settings. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of closed face shields with surgical face masks to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in working adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: An open-label non-inferiority randomized controlled trial that randomly assigned participants to one of two groups: the intervention group was instructed to wear closed face shields with surgical face masks, and the active control group was instructed to wear only surgical face masks. The primary outcome was a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test, IgG/IgM antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 detection, or both during and at the end of the follow-up period of 21 days. The non-inferiority limit was established at - 5%. RESULTS: A total of 316 participants were randomized, 160 participants were assigned to the intervention group and 156 to the active control group. In total, 141 (88.1%) participants in the intervention group and 142 (91.0%) in the active control group completed the follow-up. PRIMARY OUTCOME: a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result was identified in one (0.71%) participant in the intervention group and three (2.1%) in the active control group. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the absolute risk difference was - 1.40% (95% CI [- 4.14%, 1.33%]), and in the per-protocol analysis, the risk difference was - 1.40% (95% CI [- 4.20, 1.40]), indicating non-inferiority of the closed face shield plus face mask (did not cross the non-inferiority limit). CONCLUSIONS: The use of closed face shields and surgical face masks was non-inferior to the surgical face mask alone in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in highly exposed groups. Settings with highly active viral transmission and conditions such as poor ventilation, crowding, and high mobility due to occupation may benefit from the combined use of masks and closed face shields to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04647305 . Registered on November 30, 2020

Temporal changes in the genotypes of Paslahepevirus balayani in southern Spain and their possible link with changes in pig trade imports

[Introduction] Paslahepevirus balayani (HEV) is an endemic zoonotic disease ranked as a major cause of acute hepatitis in Europe. Most infections occurring in Europe are due to the endemic several subtypes of genotype 3, through the consumption of raw or undercooked pork, observing a genotype geographical distribution pattern among countries Because of global changes in the pig and pork trading markets, subtype distribution might vary. We aimed to evaluate the temporal distribution of HEV genotypes in patients from southern Spain with acute hepatitis to determine whether these changes were related to the pig import trade during the study period between 2018 and 2022.[Methods] Prospective longitudinal study including patients with acute hepatitis from southern Spain between 2018 and 2022. HEV RNA and antibodies was tested in all patients. In patients with detectable HEV RNA, genotype was obtained. To determine the number of imported pigs and their origins, we checked the official data from the Spanish statistics on international trade of Spanish Minister of Industry during by country of origin during the same study period.[Results] A total of 659 patients with acute hepatitis were included in the study. Among them, 162 (24.5%) had at least one marker (IgM or RNA) of acute HEV infection. Among the 71 patients with detectable viral RNA, genotypes could be obtained for 58 (81.6%). The most prevalent HEV genotype was 3f (n = 48; 78.6%), showing a decreasing prevalence of over time, from 100% in 2018 to 70.6% in 2022. Since 2021, the emergence of other genotypes has been determined. A significant increase in the number of animals imported was observed since the beginning of the study. Denmark experienced a significant rise, from 0.03% in 2018 of total imports to 10.4% in 2022.[Conclusions] HEV molecular diversity is changing in Spain, could be linked to changes in fattening pig import origin.This work was supported by Secretaría General de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Salud (PI-0287-2019) for grants for the financing of Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Biomédica y en Ciencias de la Salud en Andalucía; the Ministerio de Sanidad (RD12/0017/0012) integrated into the Plan Nacional de I + D + I and co-financed by the ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); the Fundación para la Investigación en Salud (FIS) del Instituto Carlos III (Research Project grant numbers: PI19/00864, PI21/00793 and PI22/01098). Antonio Rivero-Juarez is the recipient of a Miguel Servet Research Contract by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Promoción y Universidades of Spain (CP18/00111). Mario Frias is the recipient of a Sara Borrell Research Contract program by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Promoción y Universidades of Spain (CD18/00091). Antonio Rivero is the beneficiary of Contratos para la intensificación de la actividad investigadora en el Sistema Nacional de Salud by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Promoción y Universidades of Spain (INT20–00028). Javier Caballero Gómez is supported by the CIBER -Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-(CB21/13/00083), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Unión Europea-NextGenerationEU.Peer reviewe