The Investigation of Gender Differences in Subjective Wellbeing in Children and Adolescents: The UP&DOWN Study

Objective: Based on a three-factor model of subjective wellbeing (evaluative, hedonic and eudemonic), the purpose of this study was to analyze gender differences in children and adolescents through three different subjective wellbeing indicators. Method: The sample comprised 1.407 children and adolescents from Cadiz and Madrid (Spain), in the framework of the UP&DOWN study. Life satisfaction was measured with the subjective happiness scale, positive and negative affect were measured with the positive and negative affect schedule, and purpose in life was assessed with the children’s hope scale. Results: Linear regression models indicate the existence of significant gender differences only in adolescents, with higher scores among girls in positive affect (p = 0.016) and negative affect (p < 0.001) but with lower scores in purpose in life (p = 0.024). Conclusions: These results highlight the role of gender as an important factor in explaining differences in subjective wellbeing. Additionally, results indicate that gender differences in subjective wellbeing are observed in adolescents, but not in children, suggesting that the gender gap in subjective wellbeing begins at the age of 12. Mental health practitioners should pay attention to these findings in order to implement screening methods and interventions focused on these needs.Sin financiación3.390 JCR (2020) Q1, 42/171 Public, Environmental & Occupational Health0.747 SJR (2020) Q2, 50/136 Health, Toxicology and MutagenesisNo data IDR 2020UE

A longitudinal perspective of eating disorder risk in immigrant and Spanish native adolescents: The longitudinal up & down study

Objectives: Previous research has postulated immigrant status as a relevant factor influencing eating disorder (ED) risk in adolescents. The present study assesses differences by sex in ED risk between Spanish native and immigrant adolescent populations residing in Spain and analyzes longitudinal differences in ED risk between immigrant and native adolescents over 2-year follow-up. Method: The study sample was 981 adolescents aged 11-19 years at baseline. ED risk was evaluated using the Spanish version of the SCOFF Questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to value associations between country of origin and ED risk prevalence by sex, as well as changes in ED risk at 2-year follow-up. Results: Immigrant adolescent girls and boys presented greater ED risk than their Spanish counterparts. Prospective analyses showed that immigrant boys presented greater likelihood of acquiring ED risk over 2 years compared to Spanish adolescent boys. Conclusion: Immigrant adolescent populations, particularly boys, seem to be vulnerable to ED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).Spanish Government (DEP 2010-21662-C04-00)Universidad Autonoma de Madrid2.147 JCR (2019) Q1, 4/20 Ethnic Studies1.343 SJR (2019) Q1, 40/315 Social PsychologyNo data IDR 2019UE

Are Parental Rules regarding Screen Behaviors Associated with Youth' Sedentary Behavior? The UP&DOWN Study

This study aims to examine the associations of parental rules with sedentary behavior (SB) in youth. Leisure-time SB was assessed by accelerometry and questionnaire. In boys, parental rules regarding TV were negatively associated with objectively-measured leisure-time SB and time spent in all screen behaviors, but positively associated with educational SB. Among girls, the total number of parental rules was negatively associated with the time spent surfing the Internet, but positively related with educational SB, on weekends. The imposition of rules by parents may be a simple and effective strategy to improve sedentary patterns in youth, especially among boys.Sin financiación0.947 JCR (2020) Q4, 40/46 Family Studies0.280 SJR (2020) Q3, 188/291 Clinical PsychologyNo data IDR 2020UE

Social correlates of sedentary behavior in young people: The UP&DOWN study

Objectives The aim of the present study was to analyze the associations of youths’ sedentary behavior (SB) with parents’ and siblings’ SB and physical activity (PA), as well as the associations of youths’ coparticipation with parents, siblings, and friends in PA and SB with youths’ SB. Methods The sample consisted of 1543 youths (12.02 ± 2.51 years; 788 boys) enrolled in the baseline cohort of the UP&DOWN study. SB was assessed by accelerometry and questionnaire. Participants reported the time spent by their parents and siblings watching television, playing videogames, surfing the Internet, sitting/resting, and doing PA. Further, participants reported coparticipation with parents, siblings, and friends in these activities. Linear mixed models, including school and city as random effects, were performed. Results Parents’ television time was positively associated with youths’ screen-based SB. Coparticipation with friends in playing videogames (in boys) and in surfing the Internet (in girls) showed a positive association with screen-based SB and a negative association with educational-based SB. Moreover, coparticipation with siblings and friends in PA was inversely associated with accelerometer-based SB in boys and girls. Conclusion Our results emphasize the important role of social modeling in the development of sedentary lifestyles in youths. Interventions aimed at reducing health risk behaviors in youths could be more effective if they are oriented from a social perspective that involves their families and networks of their closest friends.Sin financiación7.179 JCR (2020) Q1, 9/58 Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism1.386 SJR (2020) Q1, 36/288 Orthopedics and Sports MedicineNo data IDR 2020UE

Longitudinal effects of FTO gene polymorphism on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, inflammatory markers, and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. “The UP & DOWN study”

The role of polymorphism rs9939609 of the FTO gene has been related with fat mass and cardiovascular risk in adults, but it remains unclear in children and adolescents. Hence, the main aim of this study was to determine the FTO polymorphism effects on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical activity (PA), inflammatory markers, and cardiovascular risk both in cross-sectional analysis and after two-years of follow-up in children and adolescents. A total of 2129 participants were included in this study. The rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped. Body composition measurements, CRF, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were determined at baseline and after two-year of follow-up. Moreover, plasma leptin and adiponectin were also determined as inflammatory markers. Furthermore, an index of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRF-I) was calculated. Codominant (TT vs. TA vs. AA) and dominant (AA+AT vs. TT) models were applied for statistical analysis. The results showed a main effect of the FTO genotype on body composition measures in both first and third year (p < 0.05), with lower adiposity in TT compared with AA or AA+AT group. These differences were maintained after accounting for pubertal maturity, sex, age, VO2 max, and MVPA. Moreover, lower leptin level was observed in TT compared to AA+AT group in the third year. An interaction in Gene*Time*Sex was found in height and neck circumference in dominant model (p = 0.047; p = 0.020, respectively). No differences were found in CRF, MVPA nor CVDRF-I between groups. Hence, homozygous TT allele could be a protective factor against weight gain from early childhood.Spanish Minister of Science and Innovation. National Plan for Research Development and Innovation (R + D + i) DEP 2010 21662 C04 00 (DEP 2010 21662 C04 01, DEP 2010 21662 C04 02, DEP 2010 21662 C04 03, DEP 2010 21662 C04 04)4.1 Q1 JCR (2022)1.331 SJR 2022No data IDR 2022UE

Independent and combined influence of neonatal and current body composition on academic performance in youth: The UP & DOWN Study

The objective of this study was to examine the independent and combined associations between neonatal and current body composition with academic performance among youth. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 1557 youth (745 girls) aged 10.4 ± 3.4 years. Birth weight and length at birth were self-reported. Current body composition was assessed by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and percentage of body fat (BF%). Academic performance was assessed through schools records. Birth weight was related to all academic variables in boys, independent of potential confounders, including BMI; whereas WC, BMI and BF% were related to all academic performance indicators in both boys and girls, independent of potential confounders, including birth weight (all P < 0.05). In addition, the combined adverse effects of low birth weight and current overweight on academic performance were observed in both boys and girls for grade point average (GPA) indicator. Boys in the group with none adverse effect had significantly higher scores in GPA (score +0.535; 95% confidence interval, 0.082–0.989) than boys in the group of both adverse effects (P < 0.007); among girls, GPA score was higher in the group with none adverse effect than in the groups with one or two adverse effects (P for trend = 0.029). Neonatal and current body composition, both independently and combined, may influence academic performance in youth.Sin financiación3.689 JCR (2015) Q1, 8/120 PediatricsUE

Physical Activity Without Weight Loss Reduces the Development of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Prospective Cohort Study of More Than One Hundred Thousand Adults

PURPOSE: Whether physical activity (PA) might have certain benefits for cardiovascular disease (CVD) primordial prevention even in the absence of clinically significant weight loss is of public health interest. In this study, we examined the independent and combined associations of simultaneous changes in PA and body weight with the subsequent development of major CVD risk factors in adults. METHODS: This prospective analysis included 116,134 healthy men and women, aged ≥18 years, with at least 3 medical examinations from the Taiwan MJ Cohort. Two-year changes in PA and body weight between the first and second examination were linked to subsequent development of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and chronic inflammation, which were assessed by physical examinations and laboratory tests. RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 5.7 ± 4.1 years after the second examination, 10,840 individuals developed hypertension, 10,888 hypercholesterolemia, 6078 atherogenic dyslipidemia, 13,223 metabolic syndrome, 4816 T2DM, and 2027 inflammation. Weight gain was associated with a subsequent higher risk of all CVD risk factors, with HR (95%CI) ranging from 1.11 (1.00-1.23) for inflammation to 1.74 (1.67-1.82) for metabolic syndrome, compared with participants who lost weight. A stable weight was also associated with a higher risk of all CVD risk factors except with inflammation. In combined analyses, participants who simultaneously gained weight and decreased PA levels had the highest risk compared with those who lost weight and increased PA. Increasing or maintaining PA reduced the increased subsequent risk of some CVD risk factors among participants who maintained a stable weight or gained weight. Among participants who lost weight, decreased PA was not associated with an increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: Although weight loss is crucial for the prevention of CVD risk factors, increasing or maintaining PA is also important to prevent them among adults who gain or maintain their weight.FIS 12/1166MINECO R+D+I (DEP2013-47786-R)8.194 JCR (2020) Q1, 17/142 Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems1.929 SJR (2020) Q1, 38/349 Cardiology and Cardiovascular MedicineNo data IDR 2019UE

Muscle Fitness Cut Points for Early Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents

Objectives To study the cross-sectional and longitudinal (2-year follow-up) association between muscle fitness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in youth; whether there are muscle fitness cut points associated with CVD risk (cross-sectional); and whether the health-related muscle fitness cut points identified at baseline are associated with CVD risk 2 years later. Study design In total. 237 children (110 girls) aged 6-10 years and 274 adolescents (131 girls) aged 12-16 years with complete data were included in the study (10.3% drop out). The handgrip strength and the standing long jump tests were used to assess muscle fitness. CVD risk score was computed with sum of 2 skinfolds, systolic blood pressure, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Results Muscle fitness at baseline was associated inversely with single CVD risk factors and CVD risk score at baseline and 2-year follow-up (all P = 0.367 and >= 0.473; girls: >= 0.306 and >= 0.423 kg/kg body mass, respectively, all P = 104.5 and >= 140.5 in boys, and >= 81.5 and >= 120.5 cm in girls, respectively (all P < .05). These cut points were associated with CVD risk 2 years later (all P < .01). Conclusions Muscle fitness is associated with present and future cardiovascular health in youth, and is independent of cardiorespiratory fitness. It should be monitored to identify youth at risk who could benefit from intervention programs.National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation (R + D + i) MICINN DEP 2010-21662-C04-00 (DEP 2010-21662-C04-01: DEP 2010-21662-C04-02: DEP 201021662-C04-03: DEP 2010-21662-C04-04)Spanish Ministry of Education FPU15/05337Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016 of the University of Granada (Spain), Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)3.700 JCR (2019) Q1, 10/128 Pediatrics1.145 SJR (2019) Q1, 35/310 Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child HealthNo data IDR 2019UE

Objectively measured physical activity has a negative but weak association with academic performance in children and adolescents

AIM: There is an emerging body of evidence on the potential effects of regular physical activity on academic performance. The aim of this study was to add to the debate, by examining the association between objectively measured physical activity and academic performance in a relatively large sample of children and adolescents. METHODS: The Spanish UP & DOWN study is a 3-year longitudinal study designed to assess the impact, overtime, of physical activity and sedentary behaviours on health indicators. This present analysis was conducted with 1778 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Physical activity was objectively measured by accelerometry. Academic performance was assessed using school grades. RESULTS: Physical activity was inversely associated with all academic performance indicators after adjustment for potential confounders, including neonatal variables, fatness and fitness (all p < 0.05). This association became nonsignificant among quartiles of physical activity. There were only slight differences in academic performance between the lowest and the second quartile of physical activity, compared to the highest quartile, with very small effect size (d < 0.20). CONCLUSION: Objectively measured physical activity may influence academic performance during both childhood and adolescence, but this association was negative and very weak. Longitudinal and intervention studies are necessary to further our understanding.Plan Nacionla ed I+D: DEP 2010-21662-C04-00 (DEP 2010-21662-C04-01, DEP 2010-21662-C04-02, DEP 2010-21662-C04-03, DEP 2010-21662-C04-04)1.674 JCR (2014) Q2, 52/120 PediatricsUE

Turismo rural.Una radiografía desde Latinoamérica

La presente obra es un trabajo colectivo que aglutina el esfuerzo por sistematizar y documentar las características, estructurales y funcionales, del turismo rural en el contexto de algunos países latinoamericanos. Para ello, el trabajo integra dos ejes temáticos, el primero de ellos presenta las aproximaciones teóricas y metodológicas para el abordaje del turismo en el medio rural latinoamericano; mientras que el segundo, se ocupa de presentar una serie de experiencias empíricas de turismo rural, a partir de la sistematización de las mismas y el estudio de casos paradigmáticos, ya sea por su potencial de desarrollo o por los impactos que estos han tenido sobre el territorio. El turismo rural, en el contexto de América Latina, ha sido una actividad que ha seguido una lógica prescriptiva emanada de políticas globales de desarrollo rural que se cristalizan en la esfera local. Dichos preceptos se enmarcan en un proyecto de reestructuración productiva del espacio rural, basado en la multifuncionalidad de los territorios y la pluriactividad de los actores sociales, con lo que se busca ensanchar las capacidades productivas del espacio rural, a partir de la inserción de nuevas actividades del sector secundario y terciario, entre las que el turismo rural ocupa un lugar preponderante. Dada la forma vertical con la que han sido implementadas la políticas turísticas para el medio rural latinoamericano, los efectos de sus primeros ensayos (que se remontan a la segunda mitad del siglo XX), ya se hacen evidentes. Ello nos permite inferir que la evidencia empírica es suficiente, sin embargo, ésta no se ha sistematizado para tratar de comprender los impactos de la turistificación del espacio rural, definir la epistemología de este campo de estudio y proponer una visión propia de América Latina. Lo expuesto anteriormente, permite destacar la pertinencia de elaborar una obra como Turismo Rural, una radiografía desde Latinoamérica, la cual hace un esfuerzo por exponer algunas de las perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas desde las que se ha abordado el turismo rural en el caso latinoamericano. Ello es relevante en términos de poder pensar y estudiar el fenómeno turístico en el espacio rural, a partir de una perspectiva que incluya los problemas específicos del campo latinoamericano. Por otra parte, es importante considerar el papel reivindicativo que la obra hace sobre los estudios de caso como método de enseñanza- aprendizaje y como estrategia para sistematizar la realidad. Las formulaciones teórico-metodológicas se entrelazan con los estudios de caso, puesto que fenómenos emergentes como la apropiación turística del espacio rural, deben construirse en un ir y venir entre la teoría y la realidad.Editorial Universitaria 2022© Universidad Técnica del Nort