The Investigation of Gender Differences in Subjective Wellbeing in Children and Adolescents: The UP&DOWN Study

Objective: Based on a three-factor model of subjective wellbeing (evaluative, hedonic and eudemonic), the purpose of this study was to analyze gender differences in children and adolescents through three different subjective wellbeing indicators. Method: The sample comprised 1.407 children and adolescents from Cadiz and Madrid (Spain), in the framework of the UP&DOWN study. Life satisfaction was measured with the subjective happiness scale, positive and negative affect were measured with the positive and negative affect schedule, and purpose in life was assessed with the children’s hope scale. Results: Linear regression models indicate the existence of significant gender differences only in adolescents, with higher scores among girls in positive affect (p = 0.016) and negative affect (p < 0.001) but with lower scores in purpose in life (p = 0.024). Conclusions: These results highlight the role of gender as an important factor in explaining differences in subjective wellbeing. Additionally, results indicate that gender differences in subjective wellbeing are observed in adolescents, but not in children, suggesting that the gender gap in subjective wellbeing begins at the age of 12. Mental health practitioners should pay attention to these findings in order to implement screening methods and interventions focused on these needs.Sin financiación3.390 JCR (2020) Q1, 42/171 Public, Environmental & Occupational Health0.747 SJR (2020) Q2, 50/136 Health, Toxicology and MutagenesisNo data IDR 2020UE

A longitudinal perspective of eating disorder risk in immigrant and Spanish native adolescents: The longitudinal up & down study

Objectives: Previous research has postulated immigrant status as a relevant factor influencing eating disorder (ED) risk in adolescents. The present study assesses differences by sex in ED risk between Spanish native and immigrant adolescent populations residing in Spain and analyzes longitudinal differences in ED risk between immigrant and native adolescents over 2-year follow-up. Method: The study sample was 981 adolescents aged 11-19 years at baseline. ED risk was evaluated using the Spanish version of the SCOFF Questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to value associations between country of origin and ED risk prevalence by sex, as well as changes in ED risk at 2-year follow-up. Results: Immigrant adolescent girls and boys presented greater ED risk than their Spanish counterparts. Prospective analyses showed that immigrant boys presented greater likelihood of acquiring ED risk over 2 years compared to Spanish adolescent boys. Conclusion: Immigrant adolescent populations, particularly boys, seem to be vulnerable to ED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).Spanish Government (DEP 2010-21662-C04-00)Universidad Autonoma de Madrid2.147 JCR (2019) Q1, 4/20 Ethnic Studies1.343 SJR (2019) Q1, 40/315 Social PsychologyNo data IDR 2019UE

Are Parental Rules regarding Screen Behaviors Associated with Youth' Sedentary Behavior? The UP&DOWN Study

This study aims to examine the associations of parental rules with sedentary behavior (SB) in youth. Leisure-time SB was assessed by accelerometry and questionnaire. In boys, parental rules regarding TV were negatively associated with objectively-measured leisure-time SB and time spent in all screen behaviors, but positively associated with educational SB. Among girls, the total number of parental rules was negatively associated with the time spent surfing the Internet, but positively related with educational SB, on weekends. The imposition of rules by parents may be a simple and effective strategy to improve sedentary patterns in youth, especially among boys.Sin financiación0.947 JCR (2020) Q4, 40/46 Family Studies0.280 SJR (2020) Q3, 188/291 Clinical PsychologyNo data IDR 2020UE

Social correlates of sedentary behavior in young people: The UP&DOWN study

Objectives The aim of the present study was to analyze the associations of youths’ sedentary behavior (SB) with parents’ and siblings’ SB and physical activity (PA), as well as the associations of youths’ coparticipation with parents, siblings, and friends in PA and SB with youths’ SB. Methods The sample consisted of 1543 youths (12.02 ± 2.51 years; 788 boys) enrolled in the baseline cohort of the UP&DOWN study. SB was assessed by accelerometry and questionnaire. Participants reported the time spent by their parents and siblings watching television, playing videogames, surfing the Internet, sitting/resting, and doing PA. Further, participants reported coparticipation with parents, siblings, and friends in these activities. Linear mixed models, including school and city as random effects, were performed. Results Parents’ television time was positively associated with youths’ screen-based SB. Coparticipation with friends in playing videogames (in boys) and in surfing the Internet (in girls) showed a positive association with screen-based SB and a negative association with educational-based SB. Moreover, coparticipation with siblings and friends in PA was inversely associated with accelerometer-based SB in boys and girls. Conclusion Our results emphasize the important role of social modeling in the development of sedentary lifestyles in youths. Interventions aimed at reducing health risk behaviors in youths could be more effective if they are oriented from a social perspective that involves their families and networks of their closest friends.Sin financiación7.179 JCR (2020) Q1, 9/58 Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism1.386 SJR (2020) Q1, 36/288 Orthopedics and Sports MedicineNo data IDR 2020UE

Longitudinal effects of FTO gene polymorphism on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, inflammatory markers, and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. “The UP & DOWN study”

The role of polymorphism rs9939609 of the FTO gene has been related with fat mass and cardiovascular risk in adults, but it remains unclear in children and adolescents. Hence, the main aim of this study was to determine the FTO polymorphism effects on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical activity (PA), inflammatory markers, and cardiovascular risk both in cross-sectional analysis and after two-years of follow-up in children and adolescents. A total of 2129 participants were included in this study. The rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped. Body composition measurements, CRF, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were determined at baseline and after two-year of follow-up. Moreover, plasma leptin and adiponectin were also determined as inflammatory markers. Furthermore, an index of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRF-I) was calculated. Codominant (TT vs. TA vs. AA) and dominant (AA+AT vs. TT) models were applied for statistical analysis. The results showed a main effect of the FTO genotype on body composition measures in both first and third year (p < 0.05), with lower adiposity in TT compared with AA or AA+AT group. These differences were maintained after accounting for pubertal maturity, sex, age, VO2 max, and MVPA. Moreover, lower leptin level was observed in TT compared to AA+AT group in the third year. An interaction in Gene*Time*Sex was found in height and neck circumference in dominant model (p = 0.047; p = 0.020, respectively). No differences were found in CRF, MVPA nor CVDRF-I between groups. Hence, homozygous TT allele could be a protective factor against weight gain from early childhood.Spanish Minister of Science and Innovation. National Plan for Research Development and Innovation (R + D + i) DEP 2010 21662 C04 00 (DEP 2010 21662 C04 01, DEP 2010 21662 C04 02, DEP 2010 21662 C04 03, DEP 2010 21662 C04 04)4.1 Q1 JCR (2022)1.331 SJR 2022No data IDR 2022UE

Exposure to green spaces, cardiovascular risk biomarkers and incident cardiovascular disease in older adults: The Seniors-Enrica II cohort

Introduction: The impact of residential green spaces on cardiovascular health in older adults remains uncertain. Methods: Cohort study involving 2114 adults aged ≥ 65 years without cardiovascular disease (CVD), residing in five dense municipalities (Prince et al., 2015) of the Madrid region and with detailed characterization of their socioeconomic background, health behaviors, CVD biological risk factors, and mental, physical, and cognitive health. Greenness exposure was measured using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at varying distances from participants' homes. Traffic exposure, neighborhood environment, neighborhood walkability, and socioeconomic deprivation at the census level were also assessed. Serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP), high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF‐15) were measured at baseline, and incident CVD events identified through electronic medical records (International Classification of Primary Care-2 codes K74, K75, K77, K90, and K92). Results: After adjusting for sex, age, educational attainment, financial hardship and socioeconomic deprivation at the census level, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in NDVI at 250, 500, 750, and 1000 m around participants' homes was associated with mean differences in ProBNP of −5.56 % (95 %CI: −9.77; −1.35), −5.05 % (-9.58; −0.53), −4.24 % (-8.19, −0.19), and −4.16 % (-7.59; −0.74), respectively; and mean differences in hs-TnT among diabetic participants of −8.03 % (95 %CI: −13.30; −2.77), −9.52 % (-16.08; −2.96), −8.05 % (-13.94, −2.16) and −5.56 % (-10.75; −0.54), respectively. Of similar magnitude, although only statistically significant at 250 and 500 m, were the observed lower IL-6 levels with increasing greenness. GDF-15 levels were independent of NDVI. In prospective analyses (median follow-up 6.29 years), an IQR increase in residential greenness at 500, 750, and 1000 m was associated with a lower risk of incident CVD. The variables that contributed most to the apparent beneficial effects of greenness on CVD were lower exposure to traffic, improved cardiovascular risk factors, and enhanced physical performance. Additionally, neighborhood walkability and increased physical activity were notable contributors among individuals with diabetes. Conclusion: Increased exposure to residential green space was associated with a moderate reduction in CVD risk in older adults residing in densely populated areas

Independent and combined influence of neonatal and current body composition on academic performance in youth: The UP & DOWN Study

The objective of this study was to examine the independent and combined associations between neonatal and current body composition with academic performance among youth. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 1557 youth (745 girls) aged 10.4 ± 3.4 years. Birth weight and length at birth were self-reported. Current body composition was assessed by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and percentage of body fat (BF%). Academic performance was assessed through schools records. Birth weight was related to all academic variables in boys, independent of potential confounders, including BMI; whereas WC, BMI and BF% were related to all academic performance indicators in both boys and girls, independent of potential confounders, including birth weight (all P < 0.05). In addition, the combined adverse effects of low birth weight and current overweight on academic performance were observed in both boys and girls for grade point average (GPA) indicator. Boys in the group with none adverse effect had significantly higher scores in GPA (score +0.535; 95% confidence interval, 0.082–0.989) than boys in the group of both adverse effects (P < 0.007); among girls, GPA score was higher in the group with none adverse effect than in the groups with one or two adverse effects (P for trend = 0.029). Neonatal and current body composition, both independently and combined, may influence academic performance in youth.Sin financiación3.689 JCR (2015) Q1, 8/120 PediatricsUE

Physical Activity Without Weight Loss Reduces the Development of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Prospective Cohort Study of More Than One Hundred Thousand Adults

PURPOSE: Whether physical activity (PA) might have certain benefits for cardiovascular disease (CVD) primordial prevention even in the absence of clinically significant weight loss is of public health interest. In this study, we examined the independent and combined associations of simultaneous changes in PA and body weight with the subsequent development of major CVD risk factors in adults. METHODS: This prospective analysis included 116,134 healthy men and women, aged ≥18 years, with at least 3 medical examinations from the Taiwan MJ Cohort. Two-year changes in PA and body weight between the first and second examination were linked to subsequent development of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and chronic inflammation, which were assessed by physical examinations and laboratory tests. RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 5.7 ± 4.1 years after the second examination, 10,840 individuals developed hypertension, 10,888 hypercholesterolemia, 6078 atherogenic dyslipidemia, 13,223 metabolic syndrome, 4816 T2DM, and 2027 inflammation. Weight gain was associated with a subsequent higher risk of all CVD risk factors, with HR (95%CI) ranging from 1.11 (1.00-1.23) for inflammation to 1.74 (1.67-1.82) for metabolic syndrome, compared with participants who lost weight. A stable weight was also associated with a higher risk of all CVD risk factors except with inflammation. In combined analyses, participants who simultaneously gained weight and decreased PA levels had the highest risk compared with those who lost weight and increased PA. Increasing or maintaining PA reduced the increased subsequent risk of some CVD risk factors among participants who maintained a stable weight or gained weight. Among participants who lost weight, decreased PA was not associated with an increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: Although weight loss is crucial for the prevention of CVD risk factors, increasing or maintaining PA is also important to prevent them among adults who gain or maintain their weight.FIS 12/1166MINECO R+D+I (DEP2013-47786-R)8.194 JCR (2020) Q1, 17/142 Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems1.929 SJR (2020) Q1, 38/349 Cardiology and Cardiovascular MedicineNo data IDR 2019UE

Muscle Fitness Cut Points for Early Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents

Objectives To study the cross-sectional and longitudinal (2-year follow-up) association between muscle fitness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in youth; whether there are muscle fitness cut points associated with CVD risk (cross-sectional); and whether the health-related muscle fitness cut points identified at baseline are associated with CVD risk 2 years later. Study design In total. 237 children (110 girls) aged 6-10 years and 274 adolescents (131 girls) aged 12-16 years with complete data were included in the study (10.3% drop out). The handgrip strength and the standing long jump tests were used to assess muscle fitness. CVD risk score was computed with sum of 2 skinfolds, systolic blood pressure, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Results Muscle fitness at baseline was associated inversely with single CVD risk factors and CVD risk score at baseline and 2-year follow-up (all P = 0.367 and >= 0.473; girls: >= 0.306 and >= 0.423 kg/kg body mass, respectively, all P = 104.5 and >= 140.5 in boys, and >= 81.5 and >= 120.5 cm in girls, respectively (all P < .05). These cut points were associated with CVD risk 2 years later (all P < .01). Conclusions Muscle fitness is associated with present and future cardiovascular health in youth, and is independent of cardiorespiratory fitness. It should be monitored to identify youth at risk who could benefit from intervention programs.National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation (R + D + i) MICINN DEP 2010-21662-C04-00 (DEP 2010-21662-C04-01: DEP 2010-21662-C04-02: DEP 201021662-C04-03: DEP 2010-21662-C04-04)Spanish Ministry of Education FPU15/05337Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016 of the University of Granada (Spain), Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)3.700 JCR (2019) Q1, 10/128 Pediatrics1.145 SJR (2019) Q1, 35/310 Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child HealthNo data IDR 2019UE

In vivo behavior in rabbit radius bone defect of scaffolds based on nanocarbonate hydroxyapatite

Bone defects treatment may require the use of biomaterials that behave as a support and promote bone regeneration. Limitations associated with the use of autografts and allografts make it necessary to design new synthetic bone substitutes. Some of the most promising biomaterials currently under investigation are based on nanocarbonate hydroxyapatite (nCHA). In this study, we studied the bone-inducing capacity of nCHA-based scaffolds alone (SAG) and enriched with osteostatin (SAGO) or with bone marrow aspirate(SAGB) after implantation for 12 weeks in a 15-mm long critical defect performed in the radius of New Zealand rabbits. Bone formation obtained was compared with a group with the unfilled defect (CE), as control group, and other with the defect filed with iliac crest autograft (GS), as gold standard. X-ray follow-up was performed at 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks and μCT and histological studies at 12 weeks. The radiological results showed a greater increment in bone formation in the GS group (75%–100%), followed by the SAG and SAGB groups (50%–75%). μCT results showed an increase of bone volume/tissue volume values in GS group followed by SAG and SAGB groups (0.53, 0.40, and 0.31 respectively) compared with CE group (0.26). Histological results showed limited resorption of the nCHA scaffolds and partial osseointegration in the SAG and SAGB groups. However, in the SAGO group, the presence of connective tissue encapsulating the scaffold was detected. In SAG, SAGB, and increase of bone formation were observed compared with CE group, but less than the GS group. Thus, the investigated materials represent a significant advance in the design of synthetic materials for bone grafting, but further studies are needed to bring their in vivo behavior closer to autograft, the gold standard.Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIDepto. de Química en Ciencias FarmacéuticasFac. de FarmaciaTRUEpu