In Situ Compatibilization of Biopolymer Ternary Blends by Reactive Extrusion with Low-Functionality Epoxy-Based Styrene Acrylic Oligomer

[EN] The present study reports on the use of low-functionality epoxy-based styrene¿acrylic oligomer (ESAO) to compatibilize immiscible ternary blends made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), polylactide (PLA), and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The addition during melt processing of low-functionality ESAO at two parts per hundred resin (phr) of biopolymer successfully changed the soften inclusion phase in the blend system to a thinner morphology, yielding biopolymer ternary blends with higher mechanical ductility and also improved oxygen barrier performance. The compatibilization achieved was ascribed to the in situ formation of a newly block terpolymer, i.e. PHBVb- PLA-b-PBAT, which was produced at the blend interface by the reaction of the multiple epoxy groups present in ESAO with the functional terminal groups of the biopolymers. This chemical reaction was mainly linear due to the inherently low functionality of ESAO and the more favorable reactivity of the epoxy groups with the carboxyl groups of the biopolymers, which avoided the formation of highly branched and/or cross-linked structures and thus facilitated the films processability. Therefore, the reactive blending of biopolymers at different mixing ratios with low-functionality ESAO represents a straightforward methodology to prepare sustainable plastics at industrial scale with different physical properties that can be of interest in, for instance, food packaging applications.This research was funded by the EU H2020 project YPACK (Reference number 773872) and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) with project numbers MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R and AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R. L. Quiles-Carrillo wants to thank the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) for financial support through his FPU Grant Number FPU15/03812. Torres-Giner also acknowledges the MICIU for his Juan de la Cierva contract (IJCI-2016-29675).Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Lagaron, J.; Balart, R.; Torres-Giner, S. (2019). In Situ Compatibilization of Biopolymer Ternary Blends by Reactive Extrusion with Low-Functionality Epoxy-Based Styrene Acrylic Oligomer. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 27(1):84-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1324-2S8496271Babu RP, O’Connor K, Seeram R (2013) Prog Biomater 2:8Torres-Giner S, Torres A, Ferrándiz M, Fombuena V, Balart R (2017) J Food Saf 37:e12348Quiles-Carrillo L, Montanes N, Boronat T, Balart R, Torres-Giner S (2017) Polym Test 61:421Zakharova E, Alla A, Martínez A, De Ilarduya S, Muñoz-Guerra (2015) RSC Adv 5:46395Steinbüchel A, Valentin HE (1995) FEMS Microbiol Lett 128:219McChalicher CWJ, Srienc F (2007) J Biotechnol 132:296Reis KC, Pereira J, Smith AC, Carvalho CWP, Wellner N, Yakimets I (2008) J Food Eng 89:361Vink ETH, Davies S (2015) Ind Biotechnol 11:167John RP, Nampoothiri KM, Pandey A (2006) Process Biochem 41:759Madhavan Nampoothiri K, Nair NR, John RP (2010) Biores Technol 101:8493Garlotta D (2001) J Polym Environ 9:63Lim LT, Auras R, Rubino M (2008) Prog Polym Sci 33:820Quiles-Carrillo L, Montanes N, Sammon C, Balart R, Torres-Giner S (2018) Ind Crops Prod 111:878Quiles-Carrillo L, Blanes-Martínez MM, Montanes N, Fenollar O, Torres-Giner S, Balart R (2018) Eur Polym J 98:402Witt U, Müller R-J, Deckwer W-D (1997) J Environ Polym Degrad 5:81Siegenthaler KO, Künkel A, Skupin G, Yamamoto M (2012) Ecoflex® and Ecovio®: biodegradable, performance-enabling plastics. In: Rieger B, Künkel A, Coates GW, Reichardt R, Dinjus E, Zevaco TA (eds) Synthetic biodegradable polymers. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, p 91Jiang L, Wolcott MP, Zhang J (2006) Biomacromol 7:199Brandelero RPH, Yamashita F, Grossmann MVE (2010) Carbohyd Polym 82:1102Muthuraj R, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2014) J Polym Environ 22:336Porter RS, Wang L-H (1992) Polymer 33(10): 2019Koning C, Van Duin M, Pagnoulle C, Jerome R (1998) Prog Polym Sci 23:707Muthuraj R, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2017) J Appl Polym Sci 135:45726Ryan AJ (2002) Nat Mater 1:8Wu D, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Zhang M, Zhou W (2010) J Polym Sci Part B 48:756Kim CH, Cho KY, Choi EJ, Park JK (2000) J Appl Polym Sci 77:226Supthanyakul R, Kaabbuathong N, Chirachanchai S (2016) Polymer 105:1Na Y-H, He Y, Shuai X, Kikkawa Y, Doi Y, Inoue Y (2002) Biomacromolecules 3:1179Zeng J-B, Li K-A, Du A-K (2015) RSC Adv 5:32546Xanthos M, Dagli SS (1991) Polym Eng Sci 31:929Sundararaj U, Macosko CW (1995) Macromolecules 28:2647Milner ST, Xi H (1996) J Rheol 40:663Villalobos M, Awojulu A, Greeley T, Turco G, Deeter G (2006) Energy 31:3227Torres-Giner S, Montanes N, Boronat T, Quiles-Carrillo L, Balart R (2016) Eur Polym J 84:693Lehermeier HJ, Dorgan JR (2001) Polym Eng Sci 41:2172Liu B, Xu Q (2013) J Mater Sci Chem Eng 1:9Eslami H, Kamal MR (2013) J Appl Polym Sci 129:2418Loontjens T, Pauwels K, Derks F, Neilen M, Sham CK, Serné M (1997) J Appl Polym Sci 65:1813Ojijo V, Ray SS (2015) Polymer 80:1Frenz V, Scherzer D, Villalobos M, Awojulu AA, Edison M, Van Der Meer R (2008) Multifunctional polymers as chain extenders and compatibilizers for polycondensates and biopolymers. In: Technical papers, regional technical conference—society of plastics engineers, p. 3/1678Utracki LA (2002) Can J Chem Eng 80:1008Al-Itry R, Lamnawar K, Maazouz A (2012) Polym Degrad Stab 97:1898Lin S, Guo W, Chen C, Ma J, Wang B (2012) Mater Des (1980–2015) 36: 604Arruda LC, Magaton M, Bretas RES, Ueki MM (2015) Polym Test 43:27Wang Y, Fu C, Luo Y, Ruan C, Zhang Y, Fu Y (2010) J Wuhan Univ Technol Mater Sci Ed 25:774Wei D, Wang H, Xiao H, Zheng A, Yang Y (2015) Carbohyd Polym 123:275Abdelwahab MA, Taylor S, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2015) Macromol Mater Eng 300:299Sun Q, Mekonnen T, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2016) J Polym Environ 24:23Torres-Giner S, Gimeno-Alcañiz JV, Ocio MJ, Lagaron JM (2011) J Appl Polym Sci 122:914Miyata T, Masuko T (1998) Polymer 39:5515Muthuraj R, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2015) J Appl Polym Sci 132:42189Ren J, Fu H, Ren T, Yuan W (2009) Carbohyd Polym 77:576Torres-Giner S, Montanes N, Fenollar O, García-Sanoguera D, Balart R (2016) Mater Des 108:648Jamshidian M, Tehrany EA, Imran M, Jacquot M, Desobry S (2010) Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9:552Savenkova L, Gercberga Z, Nikolaeva V, Dzene A, Bibers I, Kalnin M (2000) Process Biochem 35:573Costa ARM, Almeida TG, Silva SML, Carvalho LH, Canedo EL (2015) Polym Test 42:115Zhang K, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2012) ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:3091Zhang N, Wang Q, Ren J, Wang L (2009) J Mater Sci 44:250Chinsirikul W, Rojsatean J, Hararak B, Kerddonfag N, Aontee A, Jaieau K, Kumsang P, Sripethdee C (2015) Packag Technol Sci 28:741Auras R, Harte B, Selke S (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 92:1790Sanchez-Garcia MD, Gimenez E, Lagaron JM (2008) Carbohyd Polym 71:235Sanchez-Garcia MD, Gimenez E, Lagaron JM (2007) J Plast Film Sheeting 23:133Lagaron JM (2011) Multifunctional and nanoreinforced polymers for food packaging. In: Multifunctional and nanoreinforced polymers for food packaging. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, p 

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) for the Fabrication of Filtration Membranes

International audienceUndoubtedly, in our current society, the development of more sustainable materials has to be considered in many applications. In this chapter, the interest of new potential biomaterials intended for the fabrication of filtration membranes is discussed. A focus is made on the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) polymers family. These biobased and biodegradable polyesters have gained attention in the past few years thanks to their versatile properties. Up to date, they have shown promising results for the fabrication of pervaporation and liquid filtration membranes. The membrane performances could be tuned by the use of PHAs having different comonomer contents and by the addition of proper additives. By discussing what has been developed in other application areas, such as biomedical and packaging, some insights are suggested in order to improve the overall PHAs-based membranes properties. Hence, the first part will deal with the membrane technologies and the current polymeric materials used. A second part will highlight the interest of biopolymers. Then, the properties and potential applications of PHAs in the membrane manufacture will be discussed. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG