43,152 research outputs found
A note on the possible importance of the Gum nebula
Reasons for considering the Gum nebula a fossil H II region are presented. Arguments for different types of fossil regions are given. Possible research projects are enumerated
Another self-similar blast wave: Early time asymptote with shock heated electrons and high thermal conductivity
Accurate approximations are presented for the self-similar structures of nonradiating blast waves with adiabatic ions, isothermal electrons, and equation ion and electron temperatures at the shock. The cases considered evolve in cavities with power law ambient densities (including the uniform density case) and have negligible external pressure. The results provide the early time asymptote for systems with shock heating of electrons and strong thermal conduction. In addition, they provide analytical results against which two fluid numerical hydrodynamic codes can be checked
High-resolution [C II] imaging of HDF850.1 reveals a merging galaxy at z=5.185
New high-resolution maps with the IRAM Interferometer of the redshifted [C
II] 158 micron line and the 0.98mm dust continuum of HDF850.1 at z = 5.185 show
the source to have a blueshifted northern component and a redshifted southern
component, with a projected separation of 0.3 arcsec, or 2 kpc. We interpret
these components as primordial galaxies that are merging to form a larger
galaxy. We think it is the resulting merger-driven starburst that makes
HDF850.1 an ultraluminous infrared galaxy, with an L(IR) of 1E13 Lsun. The
observed line and continuum brightness temperatures and the constant
line-to-continuum ratio across the source imply (1) high [C II] line optical
depth, (2) a [C II] excitation temperature of the same order as the dust
temperature, and (3) dust continuum emission that is nearly optically thick at
158 microns. These conclusions for HDF850.1 probably also apply to other
high-redshift submillimeter galaxies and quasar hosts in which the [C II] 158
micron line has been detected, as indicated by their roughly constant [C
II]-to-158 micron continuum ratios, in sharp contrast to the large dispersion
in their [C II]-to-FIR luminosity ratios. In brightness temperature units, the
[C II] line luminosity is about the same as the predicted CO(1-0) luminosity,
implying that the [C II] line can also be used to estimate the molecular gas
mass, with the same assumptions as for CO.Comment: Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysic
Causal Inference When Counterfactuals Depend on the Proportion of All Subjects Exposed
The assumption that no subject's exposure affects another subject's outcome,
known as the no-interference assumption, has long held a foundational position
in the study of causal inference. However, this assumption may be violated in
many settings, and in recent years has been relaxed considerably. Often this
has been achieved with either the aid of a known underlying network, or the
assumption that the population can be partitioned into separate groups, between
which there is no interference, and within which each subject's outcome may be
affected by all the other subjects in the group via the proportion exposed (the
stratified interference assumption). In this paper, we instead consider a
complete interference setting, in which each subject affects every other
subject's outcome. In particular, we make the stratified interference
assumption for a single group consisting of the entire sample. This can occur
when the exposure is a shared resource whose efficacy is modified by the number
of subjects among whom it is shared. We show that a targeted maximum likelihood
estimator for the i.i.d.~setting can be used to estimate a class of causal
parameters that includes direct effects and overall effects under certain
interventions. This estimator remains doubly-robust, semiparametric efficient,
and continues to allow for incorporation of machine learning under our model.
We conduct a simulation study, and present results from a data application
where we study the effect of a nurse-based triage system on the outcomes of
patients receiving HIV care in Kenyan health clinics.Comment: 23 pages main article, 23 pages supplementary materials + references,
4 tables, 1 figur
Supernova Remnant in a Stratified Medium: Explicit, Analytical Approximations for Adiabatic Expansion and Radiative Cooling
We propose simple, explicit, analytical approximations for the kinematics of
an adiabatic blast wave propagating in an exponentially stratified ambient
medium, and for the onset of radiative cooling, which ends the adiabatic era.
Our method, based on the Kompaneets implicit solution and the Kahn
approximation for the radiative cooling coefficient, gives straightforward
estimates for the size, expansion velocity, and progression of cooling times
over the surface, when applied to supernova remnants (SNRs). The remnant shape
is remarkably close to spherical for moderate density gradients, but even a
small gradient in ambient density causes the cooling time to vary substantially
over the remnant's surface, so that for a considerable period there will be a
cold dense expanding shell covering only a part of the remnant. Our
approximation provides an effective tool for identifying the approximate
parameters when planning 2-dimensional numerical models of SNRs, the example of
W44 being given in a subsequent paper.Comment: ApJ accepted, 11 pages, 2 figures embedded, aas style with
ecmatex.sty and lscape.sty package
Cosmic X-ray physics
The soft X-ray sky survey data are combined with the results from the UXT sounding rocket payload. Very strong constraints can then be placed on models of the origin of the soft diffuse background. Additional observational constraints force more complicated and realistic models. Significant progress was made in the extraction of more detailed spectral information from the UXT data set. Work was begun on a second generation proportional counter response model. The first flight of the sounding rocket will have a collimator to study the diffuse background
Cosmic X-ray physics
The analysis of the beryllium-filtered data from Flight 17.020 was completed. The data base provided by the Wisconsin diffuse X-ray sky survey is being analyzed by correlating the B and C band emission with individual velocity components of neutral hydrogen. Work on a solid state detector to be used in high resolution spectroscopy of diffuse or extend X-ray sources is continuing. A series of 21 cm observations was completed. A paper on the effects of process parameter variation on the reflectivity of sputter-deposited tungsten-carvon multilayers was published
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