Effect of Conventional Weapons on Civilian Injuries

The use of weapons against people or targets containing people inevitably has a direct impact on the health of those people. This impact is related to factors dependent on the design of weapons and on their use. The nature of injury is closely related to the design of the weapon; wounds from bullets, fragments, and buried anti-personnel mines are distinguishable. Factors dependent on the user, such as discipline and desire to avoid or injure civilians, determine the number and kind of people injured and may, in the case of bullets, determine which part of the body is injured. This century has seen an increased proportion of civilians injured during war

Mastery Learning: Improving the Model

In this paper, we report on developments in the Mastery Learning (ML) curriculum and assessment model that has been successfully implemented in a metropolitan university for teaching first-year mathematics. Initial responses to ML were positive; however, we ask whether the nature of the ML tests encourages a focus on shallow learning of procedures, and whether the structure of the assessment regime provides sufficient motivation for learning more complex problem solving. We analysed assessment data, as well as student reports and survey responses in an attempt to answer these questions

Inference of Temporally Varying Bayesian Networks

When analysing gene expression time series data an often overlooked but crucial aspect of the model is that the regulatory network structure may change over time. Whilst some approaches have addressed this problem previously in the literature, many are not well suited to the sequential nature of the data. Here we present a method that allows us to infer regulatory network structures that may vary between time points, utilising a set of hidden states that describe the network structure at a given time point. To model the distribution of the hidden states we have applied the Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Hideen Markov Model, a nonparametric extension of the traditional Hidden Markov Model, that does not require us to fix the number of hidden states in advance. We apply our method to exisiting microarray expression data as well as demonstrating is efficacy on simulated test data

Holography, tomography and 3D microscopy as linear filtering operations

In this paper we characterise 3D optical imaging techniques as 3D linear shift invariant filtering operations. From the Helmholtz equation that is the basis of scalar diffraction theory we show that the scattered field, or indeed a holographic reconstruction of this field, can be considered to be the result of a linear filtering operation applied to a source distribution. We note that if the scattering is weak, the source distribution is independent of the scattered field and a holographic reconstruction (or in fact any far-field optical imaging system) behaves as a 3D linear shift invariant filter applied to the refractive index contrast (which effectively defines the object). We go on to consider tomographic techniques that synthesise images from recordings of the scattered field using different illumination conditions. In our analysis we compare the 3D response of monochromatic optical tomography with the 3D imagery offered by confocal microscopy and scanning white light interferometry (using with quassi-monochromatic illumination) and explain the circumstances in which these approaches are equivalent. Finally, we consider the 3D response of polychromatic optical tomography and in particular the response of spectral optical coherence tomography and scanning white light interferometry

Optical diffraction tomography in fluid velocimetry: the use of a priori information

Holographic Particle Image Velocimetry (HPIV) has been used successfully to make threedimensional, three-component flow measurements from holographic recordings of seeded fluid. It is clear that measurements can only be made in regions that contain particles, but simply adding more seeding results in poor quality images that suffer from the effects of multiple scattering. Optical Diffraction Tomography provides a means to reconstruct a 3D map of refractive index from coherent recordings of scattered fields with different illumination conditions. Although the Born Approximation limits the applicability of the technique to weakscattering problems, this approach has been used to create three-dimensional images using a Digital Holographic Microscope (DHM). A non-linear optimization technique, the Conjugated Gradient optimisation Method (CGM) has been previously proposed in microwave imaging for strong scattering problems. In this paper we propose a modification of the CGM which uses apriori information to reduce the number of unknown variables that characterize the object to the position of the seeders. Some 2D numerical experiments have been computed, showing promising results and the value of these is fluid velocimetry is discussed

The Influence of in-medium NN cross-sections, symmetry potential and impact parameter on the isospin observables

We explore the influence of in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section, symmetry potential and impact parameter on isospin sensitive observables in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions with the ImQMD05 code, a modified version of Quantum Molecular Dynamics model. At incident velocities above the Fermi velocity, we find that the density dependence of symmetry potential plays a more important role on the double neutron to proton ratio $DR(n/p)$ and the isospin transport ratio $R_i$ than the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections, provided that the latter are constrained to a fixed total NN collision rate. We also explore both $DR(n/p)$ and $R_i$ as a function of the impact parameter. Since the copious production of intermediate mass fragments is a distinguishing feature of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions, we examine the isospin transport ratios constructed from different groups of fragments. We find that the values of the isospin transport ratios for projectile rapidity fragments with $Z\ge20$ are greater than those constructed from the entire projectile rapidity source. We believe experimental investigations of this phenomenon can be performed. These may provide significant tests of fragmentation time scales predicted by ImQMD calculations.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Assistance for Victims of Anti Personnel Mines Needs Constraints and Strategy

Researc