3,089 research outputs found

    Gasoline quality sensor based on tilted fiber Bragg gratings

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    FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOWe report on the study of an intensity-based optical fiber sensor for gasoline quality monitoring. The sensor setup employs two Bragg gratings with different spectral responses to interrogate the optical response of a tilted Bragg grating. The sensor operation is based on the tilted Bragg grating sensitivity to external refractive index changes, which are translated as power variations by the interrogation scheme. Gasoline-ethanol solutions with concentrations ranging from 0% to 60% ethanol were used to demonstrate the sensor performance. The results allowed to estimate that the sensor is able, within its resolution limit, to detect ethanol concentration variations of 1.5% in gasoline-ethanol solutions and discriminate temperature variations of 0.5 degrees C. The all-optical sensor setup is compact and robust, making it a competitive alternative for the realization of fuel quality analyses in practical applications.6218FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO2014/50632-6Sem informaçã

    Composição florística de espécies oportunistas em agroecossistema de paricá e curauá.

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    O trabalho foi realizado no Campo Experimental Tramontina, Aurora do Pará-PA com objetivo de verificar a composição florística de plantas oportunistas em um agroecossistema de paricá (Schizolobium pararyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby) e curauá (Ananas comosus var. erectifolius (L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal) visando contribuir quanto à conservação de recursos genéticos vegetais. Para isso foram coletadas, herborizadas e inventariadas todas as espécies invasoras ocorrentes em 20 parcelas de 4m x 4m instaladas em uma área total de 5.702,5m² seguindo delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso. Os dados do levantamento florístico foram analisados através da freqüência, abundância, hábitos, forma de vida, duração de ciclo, índices de riqueza e diversidade. Foi aplicada uma redução categórica, entre espécies do grupo herbáceo e não-herbáceo. Foram identificadas 70 espécies, pertencentes a 53 gêneros distribuídos em 25 famílias, com maior número de espécies para Fabaceae. A maioria das espécies apresentou um ciclo de vida perene (58 espécies) com os hábitos arbustivos perenes (18 espécies), herbáceos perenes (17 espécies) e herbáceos anuais (10 espécies), lianas (7 espécies) e espécies arbóreas (6 espécies). Foram evidenciados, 04 agrupamentos com um grau de similaridade mínima de 30% em função da freqüência e abundância. Para Paspalum conjugatum (Poaceae) (46,59%) a diversidade foi elevada (H?=3,847), sendo que os valores de diversidade (H?) apresentaram distinção (p<0.05) entre os agrupamentos

    Molecular dynamics study of 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether and nitrobenzene

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    The pure organic liquids nitrobenzene (NB) and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) have been studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Both solvents are extremely important in various interfacial processes, mainly connected with ion transfer taking place across the interface with water. Thermodynamic (mass density, enthalpy of vaporization, isothermal compressibility, dipole moment) and dynamic (viscosities and self-diffusion coefficients) properties of both liquids have been calculated and are in very good agreement with the experimental data. In the case of NB, several potentials have been tested and the obtained results compared and discussed. In most cases, the OPLS all-atom potential gives results that are in better agreement with available experimental values. Atomic radial distribution functions, dihedral and angle distributions, as well as dipole-orientation correlation functions are used to probe the structure and interactions of the bulk molecules of both organic solvents. These were seen to be very similar in terms of structure and thermodynamics, but quite distinct in terms of dynamic behavior, with NPOE showing a much slower dynamic response than NB. A simulation study of the simple Cl- and K+ ions dissolved in both solvents has been also undertaken, revealing details about the diffusion and solvation mechanisms of these ions. It was found that in both liquids the positive potassium ion is solvated by the negative end of the molecular dipole, whereas the negative chloride ion is solvated by the positive end of the dipole

    Molecular dynamics study of nitrobenzene and 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether saturated with water

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    In this paper, results obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the water-saturated organic liquids nitrobenzene (NB) and 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) are presented. Both solvents are extremely important in many areas of chemistry, and they are seen as the most promising successors of n-octanol for ion transfer studies at the liquid-liquid interface. Thermodynamic (mass density, enthalpy of vaporization), structural (radial distribution functions) and dynamic (diffusion coefficients) properties of both liquids have been calculated and compared with those obtained from MD simulations of the corresponding pure (water-free) organic liquids. The relatively polar nature of NB allows for an efficient incorporation of water into the organic liquid, minimizing the impact on the solvent structure and dynamics. NPOE exhibits added hydrophobicity due to the presence of along aliphatic chain, and this has an effect on its water solvation properties. Steric effects caused by these chains, together with the much slower dynamic response of the solvent, substantially hinder the motion of water and prevent interactions with other water molecules. The different behaviour of these solvents towards water provides a good means for studying the properties of these liquids at the interface with water

    The Beta Generalized Exponential Distribution

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    We introduce the beta generalized exponential distribution that includes the beta exponential and generalized exponential distributions as special cases. We provide a comprehensive mathematical treatment of this distribution. We derive the moment generating function and the rrth moment thus generalizing some results in the literature. Expressions for the density, moment generating function and rrth moment of the order statistics also are obtained. We discuss estimation of the parameters by maximum likelihood and provide the information matrix. We observe in one application to real data set that this model is quite flexible and can be used quite effectively in analyzing positive data in place of the beta exponential and generalized exponential distributions

    Avaliação do uso de fibra e mucilagem de curauá na produção de papel reciclado para embalagens.

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    O curauá (Ananas erectifolius L. B. Smith) é uma planta fibrosa da família das broméliceas cuja fibra pode ser utilizada na indústria automobilística, têxtil, farmacêutica, celulose e papel. O trabalho teve objetivo de avaliar o uso da fibra e mucilagem de curauá na produção de papel reciclado com a finalidade de produzir embalagens. O papel foi testado através das características aparência, textura e resistência no Núcleo de Responsabilidade Socioambiental da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental - NURES, localizado em Belém-PA. Os resultados preliminares mostraram que a associação de fibras e mucilagem de curauá com sobras e aparas de papel não compromete a aparência e textura do papel reciclado. O acréscimo da fibra do curauá na mistura proporcionou uma qualidade superior, no que tange a aparência visual, textura e resistência do papel. A polpa produzida nas proporções de 45% de fibra, 5% de mucilagem e 50% de sobras e aparas de papel, resultou em um papel reciclado com melhor qualidade. O papel reciclado obtido mostrou-se viável técnica e economicamente viável para produção de embalagens, porém há necessidade de melhoria do processo de produção quanto a um melhor aproveitamento da mucilagem, à medida que este resíduo representa uma quantidade expressiva e de baixo custo.Resumo expandido
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