Soybean Aphid Biotype 4 Resistance in Soja and Soybean Plant Introductions

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a major pest to soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Host plant resistance is a management tactic that uses naturally occurring soybean plant defenses to limit soybean aphid pest damage. Virulent soybean aphid biotypes are able to successfully colonize on certain aphid resistant soybean. Soybean aphid biotype 4 is most virulent, overcoming all commercially available soybean aphid resistant soybeans (Rag1, Rag2, and Rag1+Rag2). Additional sources of resistance to avirulent biotypes have been identified in soja and soybean plant introductions (PIs). This study examined those resistant soja and soybean for resistance to the newly found soybean aphid biotype 4, using iso-female colonies of soybean aphid from three different site-years. Free-choice tests examined 20 soja and 50 soybean PIs for putative resistance to the three soybean aphid biotype 4 colonies. Promising PIs continued on in a follow-up, caged no-choice test with its respective colony. Soja PI 65549 and PI 101404A and soybean PI 437696 were found highly resistant to each of the three soybean aphid biotype 4 colonies and should be explored further as valuable sources of soybean aphid resistance

The effects of wind shear on convective boundary layer entrainment.

24 large eddy simulations (LES) were conducted for CBLs growing under varying conditions of surface buoyancy flux, free atmospheric stratification, and wind shear. With the intent of elucidating the effects of surface layer shear versus shear at the CBL top, the simulations were divided into three categories: a free atmosphere with no mean wind (NS), an atmosphere with a height-constant geostrophic wind of 20 m/s (GC), and a case with strong shear in the geostrophic wind (GS). The entrainment predictions of LES were then compared with predictions from two 1.5-order, e-l turbulence models based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and with two bulk models based on integral budgets of CBL buoyancy, momentum, and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE): the zero order model (ZOM) and the first order model (FOM).In the LES cases, the sheared CBLs grew fastest, relative to the shear-free CBLs when the surface buoyancy flux was weak and the atmospheric stratification was moderate or weak. From the simulations, there are two fundamental findings. The first is that the entrainment zone shear is much more important than the surface shear in enhancing CBL entrainment. The other is the discovery of a layer of constant Ri that forms within the entrainment zone when the relative effects of shear stand out strongly enough.Tests of RANS-based e-l closures against the LES data show that the e-l closures exaggerate the differences between the entrainment rates of shear-free CBLs and sheared CBLs. The entrainment rate predicted by e-l closures for sheared CBLs is too large, regardless of whether the modeled entrainment zone TKE is larger or smaller than that in LES. It is possible that the formulation of the master length scale l for CBL turbulence needs to be reduced when shear is a significant source of TKE.The current study examines the dynamics of entrainment and the evolution of the dry atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) when wind shear is present and seeks to make comprehensive tests of existing hypotheses regarding the effects of wind shear on entrainment and the parameterizations that have been developed from them.The comparisons between LES and the lidar data for the May 22, 2002 sheared CBL case show that CBL depth comparisons can be made relatively easily when a suitable atmospheric sampling strategy is used. However, the observed CBL growth rates differed considerably from LES, underscoring the fact that atmospheric processes not simulated in LES have a significant influence on the CBL depth. Despite these problems, the conclusions based on the simulation results need to be tested more fully against atmospheric data.The tests of the ZOM parameterizations using LES data highlighted their mathematical deficiencies, which caused them to fail when shear was strong. When the full FOM equations were integrated using an entrainment zone depth limited by a critical Richardson number (Ri), they were able to model some of the sheared CBL cases in which ZOM fails. Based on the FOM and LES results and the results of testing other parameterizations, any Ri-limited entrainment equation would seem to be most suited to model the dynamics of entrainment in sheared CBLs. Despite its shortcomings, the ZOM places the shear-free CBLs in a common framework from which they can be easily compared to sheared CBLs

Total elbow arthroplasty system

A total elbow arthroplasty system, incorporating a humeral component, a radial component and a ball component, may be used as a total elbow replacement in the canine, as well as in other species. The implant of the present invention has an isometric humeral component and an isometric radial component. An isometric ball component having an isometric articular surface is mounted on the radial component. The humeral and radial components have stems for mounting in the medullary canals of the respective bones, which are angled so as to approximate the configuration of the original humerus and radius. The components work together to form a nonconstrained ball and socket joint. The invention is also directed to methods for implanting the novel endoprosthesis of the present invention in a canine elbow joint. The apparatus and methods of the present invention are useful in the treatment of elbow osteoarthritis in canines, as well as in other species, including other quadrupeds and humans

Total elbow replacement in the dog: development and evaluation

Elbow osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of forelimb lameness in the dog. The goal of nonsurgical and/or surgical management of the diseases that cause elbow OA is to slow the progression OA in the joint and reduce lameness in the patient. Nonsurgical and surgical management of these conditions frequently leads to unsatisfactory results. Current treatment alternatives for dogs with moderate to severe elbow OA include nonsurgical management, removing loose bodies and osteophytes from the joint, and arthrodesis. Similarly, these treatments frequently lead to a poor outcome. Improvements in implant design and surgical techniques have made total elbow arthroplasty a satisfactory treatment for arthritic disorders of the elbow in humans since the mid-1970\u27s. In two separate evaluations, 91% of total elbow arthroplasty cases had excellent long-term (∼4 years) outcomes. It is possible that total elbow arthroplasty in the dog would also yield a good clinical outcome. The anatomy and mechanics of the elbow joint, unfortunately, are dramatically different between humans and dog. Thus, a total elbow arthroplasty system that can consistently provide a good result needs to be developed. Total elbow arthroplasty has been reported in the dog, the results from these reports, however, have been poor;In this thesis the results from an anatomical study of the dog elbow are reported. Those results were used to design an initial total elbow arthroplasty system. That system was studied in vivo in the normal dog and yielded inconsistent results. Modifications of the initial design were made and a two component, nonconstrained system was used in a second in vivo study in normal dogs. Using the modified system, 50% of the dogs studied had normal limb function in the operated limb one-year after surgery. Additional modifications were made and a final the total elbow arthroplasty system is proposed for use in client owned animals with naturally occurring elbow OA

Electromyographic and Force Analysis of a Shotokan Karate Punching Technique

Electromyographic and force analysis of Pectoralis major and Latissimus dorsi muscles during a reverse punch demonstrated a significant positive correlationbetween the average force of individuals and their rank (p\u3c0.01; r-squared=0.73). Also demonstrated was a positive correlation between the amount of EMG activity in the muscles studied and the force (for Pectoral: r-squared=0.757, pc0.05; for Latissimus: r-squared= 0.733, p\u3c0.1). The relationship between punch duration and rank yielded insignificant results (for Pectoral: r-squared= 0.222, p\u3c0.240; for Latissimus: r-squared=0.461, p\u3c0.065). Precontact EMG activity and rank regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation for both muscles (for Latissimus: p\u3c0.005, r-squared=0.752; for Pectoral: p\u3c0.006, r-squared=0.735). Post contact EMG activity and rank regression analysis also demonstrated a significant positive correlation for both muscles (for Latissimus: p\u3c0.0.04, r-squared=0.773; for Pectoral: p\u3c0.005, r-squared=0.760). A negative correlation between precontact EMG activity and punch duration was shown for both muscles (for Pectoral: -0.568; for Latissimus: -0.626). A negative correlation was between punch duration and force was shown for both muscles (for Pectoral: -0.559; for Latissimus: -0.715). A positive correlation between force and precontact EMG activity was demonstrated (for Pectoral: 0.757; for Latissimus: 0.733)

Clarification on the generation of absolute and potential vorticity in mesoscale convective vortices

Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7591-760

Mesoscale convective vortex formation in a weakly sheared moist neutral environment

J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1443-1466The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAS3898.

Stratospheric behavior during tropospheric persistent anomaly events

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1990.Includes bibliographic references (p. 131-133).by Robert John Conzemius.M.S

Determining the Genetic Basis for Knee Disease in the Newfoundland Breed of Dog

A survey was performed to determine the number of Newfoundlands that were seen at the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine (ISUCVM) for cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) from January, 1996 through December, 2002. Of the 163 Newfoundlands seen at the ISU-CVM, 22% were diagnosed with CCLD. Further study of Newfoundlands was performed to collect pedigrees and ascertain whether or not individuals that were affected with CCLD or not were related. This information was used to determine the level of inbreeding, and the pattern of inheritance (i.e. recessive, sex-linked) for CCLD. This study found a recessive pattern of inheritance with partial penetrance of 59%. Therefore a dog has a 59% chance of showing signs of the disease when it has the recessive genotype