341 research outputs found
Ralph Waldo Emerson. L'Amérique à l'essai
International audiencePremier philosophe amĂ©ricain, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) sâest aussi rĂȘvĂ© poĂšte, chantre dâune AmĂ©rique qui, au XIXe siĂšcle, tarde encore Ă sâinventer en littĂ©rature. LâĂ©crivain de gĂ©nie dont il annonce lâavĂšnement a le pouvoir de percevoir dans la nature la divinitĂ© de lâhomme. ReprĂ©sentatif de tous, lui seul peut fonder la communautĂ© et permettre lâaccomplissement de sa destinĂ©e dĂ©mocratique. Mais sâil prĂ©tend dĂ©celer dans la nature les lois collectives, câest surtout son propre reflet quâil contemple, car le monde est dâabord le double de lâesprit. Nature et nation deviennent alors ses Ćuvres : parlant Ă leur place plutĂŽt quâen leur nom, il leur impose les caprices de sa volontĂ© et menace de rĂ©duire la dĂ©mocratie promise Ă lâempire dâun seul.RejouĂ©e de texte en texte, la tension entre individu et sociĂ©tĂ© donne Ă lâĆuvre dâEmerson sa scansion singuliĂšre. De Nature aux Essais, Ă Representative Men et The Conduct of Life, Thomas Constantinesco suit le cheminement dâune pensĂ©e au grĂ© des contradictions de lâĂ©criture, toujours « en transition », et sâintĂ©resse aux rapports complices et conflictuels quâen AmĂ©rique la littĂ©rature entretient avec la politique
Lessons of Duplicity in " The Lesson of the Master "
International audienceFirst published in 1888, âThe Lesson of the Masterâ stages once again the conflict between art and life that underlies so many of Jamesâs fictions, as he pits the experienced and much admired Master, Henry St George, against his seemingly naĂŻve and most certainly fascinated disciple, Paul Overt. The story has often been read as one of Jamesâs first ambiguous tales, for the open ending of the text leaves it to the reader to determine whether St George has voluntarily double-crossed Overt by urging him to renounce his desire for life the better to satisfy his craving for the perfect work of artâthis effectively enabling the Master to marry the young and beautiful Marian Fancourt, with whom Overt was secretly in love.Yet the emphasis on the Masterâs possible duplicity diverts the readerâs attention from Overtâs own underhanded efforts to take St Georgeâs place at âthe head of the profession.â Simultaneously masking and exposing the discipleâs double-dealings, the story thus records and stages another series of deceptive manoeuvres: progressively eliminating his potential rivals, Overt strives to establish a privileged relationship with St George in order, not only to become the Masterâs only alter ego, but ultimately to replace him and be at once a literary genius and a successful man of the world. Following Overtâs perspective, then, duplicity turns out to be part of a paradoxical strategy on his part to win this homoerotic power game and thereby achieve self-recognition, or rather self-unification, a strategy that in the end cannot but fail.This article argues that therein lies the âlessonâ of the text, namely that duplicity, taken this time in its literal sense of âdoubleness,â is the condition of both life and literature which, though indissolubly linked, are bound never to coincide with one another or with themselves. Hence, perhaps, the charactersâ repeated attempts to live their lives vicariously, or by proxy, projecting themselves in the lives and works of others. Eventually, this may well be what the preface to the 1913 New York Edition (itself doubling the main text and precluding its closure) calls the âoperative ironyâ of the tale which âimplies and projects the possible other case.âDans « The Lesson of the Master » (1888), Henry James met encore une fois en scĂšne le conflit entre lâart et la vie qui fait la trame de tant de ses fictions. Opposant Henry St George, le maĂźtre vieillissant, Ă Paul Overt, son disciple faussement naĂŻf, la nouvelle fait le rĂ©cit des efforts dĂ©ployĂ©s par Overt pour Ă©galer son aĂźnĂ©, sinon le surpasser, en suivant la « leçon » que ce dernier lui inculque et selon laquelle la crĂ©ation dâune Ćuvre dâart requiert de lâartiste quâil renonce Ă la vie elle-mĂȘme. La fin ouverte de la nouvelle, quant Ă elle, laisse au lecteur le soin de dĂ©terminer si le MaĂźtre a volontairement piĂ©gĂ© son disciple en lâenjoignant dâabandonner ses projets de mariage avec la jeune et belle Marian Fancourt alors que lui-mĂȘme entreprenait de conquĂ©rir la jeune femme aprĂšs le dĂ©cĂšs de sa propre Ă©pouse. En faisant planer le doute sur lâhonnĂȘtetĂ© de St George, le narrateur entreprend du mĂȘme coup de dĂ©tourner lâattention du lecteur dâune autre sĂ©rie de manĆuvres auxquelles se livre Overt pour prendre la place de son MaĂźtre et que le texte masque et dĂ©voile tout Ă la fois. Eliminant progressivement tous ses rivaux supposĂ©s, Overt sâefforce dâĂ©tablir une relation privilĂ©giĂ©e avec St George afin de devenir son seul et unique « alter ego », pour mieux prendre sa place au bout du compte. Dans cette intrigue souterraine, la duplicitĂ© relĂšve dâune stratĂ©gie qui doit permettre Ă Overt de remporter le jeu de pouvoir homo-Ă©rotique qui le lie au MaĂźtre. En supposant lâidentitĂ© du MaĂźtre et de son Ćuvre pour y lire le reflet de lui-mĂȘme, Overt joue un double-jeu paradoxal qui nâa dâautre but que dâĂ©vincer le MaĂźtre afin de garantir sa propre identitĂ© dâartiste. La logique de lâidentitĂ© qui sous-tend les manipulations auxquelles se livre Overt explique pour une large part lâĂ©chec de son entreprise et câest peut-ĂȘtre lĂ que rĂ©side la « leçon » du texte : en lieu et place de lâunitĂ© rĂȘvĂ©e, il nây aurait quâĂ©cart entre le sujet et son Ćuvre, diffĂ©rence de soi Ă soi. La duplicitĂ© Ă lâĆuvre doit alors sâentendre au sens littĂ©ral et elle apparaĂźt comme une condition de la vie comme de la littĂ©rature qui, quoique indissolublement liĂ©es, sont destinĂ©es Ă ne jamais coĂŻncider. Cette lecture permet alors de rendre compte des efforts rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s des personnages pour vivre leur vie par procuration et toujours sâimaginer menant lâexistence des autres et Ă©crivant leurs Ćuvres. Ce faisant, la nouvelle serait la mise en Ćuvre de ce que, doublant le texte par avance et empĂȘchant sa clĂŽture, la prĂ©face Ă lâĂdition de New York (1913) appelle « lâironie opĂ©ratoire » de lâĆuvre « qui toujours implique et projet lâautre cas possible »
Antipodean American literary studies : An interview with Paul Giles [Interview]
Paul Giles is Challis Professor of English at the University of Sydney, Australia. He is the author of many books discussing English, American, and Australian literature from transnational perspectives, including American Catholic Arts and Fictions: Culture, Ideology, Aesthetics (Cambridge University Press, 1992), Virtual Americas: Transnational Fictions and the Transatlantic Imaginary (Duke University Press, 2002), The Global Remapping of American Literature (Princeton University Press, 2011), Antipodean America: Australasia and the Constitution of U.S. Literature (Oxford University Press, 2013). He was previously President of the International American Studies Association (2005-2007) and Director of the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University (2003-2008). He is currently serving as president of the International Association of University Professors of English and completing a trilogy of books on cultural representations of antipodean time, of which the first two volumes have recently been published: Backgazing: Reverse Time in Modernist Culture (Oxford University Press, 2019) and The Planetary Clock: Antipodean Time and Spherical Postmodern Fictions (Oxford University Press, 2021)
A Prospective Study on Algorithms Adapted to the Spatial Frequency in Tomography
The use of iterative algorithms in tomographic reconstruction always leads to a frequency adapted rate of convergence in that low frequencies are accurately reconstructed after a few iterations, while high frequencies sometimes require many more computations. In this paper, we propose to build frequency adapted (FA) algorithms based on a condition of incomplete backprojection and propose an FA simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (FA-SART) algorithm as an example. The results obtained with the FA-SART algorithm demonstrate a very fast convergence on a highly detailed phantom when compared to the original SART algorithm. Though the use of such an FA algorithm may seem difficult, we specify in which case it is relevant and propose several ways to improve the reconstruction process with FA algorithms
El proyecto de Tratado que establece una ConstituciĂłn de la UniĂłn Europea, entre el Derecho internacional y el Derecho constitucional
Delphine Rumeau, Fortunes de Walt Whitman : Enjeux dâune rĂ©ception transatlantique
Signe de lâimmense stature de Whitman dans lâhistoire de la poĂ©sie occidentale, Fortunes de Walt Whitman est un ouvrage imposant. Par sa taille, dâabord : plus de 700 pages. Par son ambition, ensuite, car Delphine Rumeau y retrace le dĂ©tail de la rĂ©ception de Whitman et de ses Feuilles dâherbe depuis la fin du xixe en Europe et au Royaume-Uni, mais aussi en AmĂ©rique Latine et au Canada autant quâen Russie, devenue par la suite URSS. Tout Ă la fois tour dâhorizon et tour de force, ce livre int..
Samantha C. Harvey, Transatlantic Transcendentalism: Coleridge, Emerson, and Nature
Samantha Harveyâs Transatlantic Transcendentalism addresses anew a key episode in the history of American literature and philosophy that has become so familiar to scholars of Transcendentalism and Transatlantic Romanticism that they tend to take it for granted: Emersonâs appropriation of Coleridge. Perry Millerâs 1950 anthology of Transcendentalist writings already made it clear: when James Marsh published the first American edition of Coleridgeâs Aids to Reflection in 1829, along with a pref..
La reforma del Tribunal General de la UniĂłn Europea
La reciente reforma del Tribunal General de la UniĂłn Europea por parte del Reglamento 2015/2422 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo del 16 de noviembre de 2015 es digna de especial atenciĂłn. Es susceptible de ser criticada desde diversos puntos de vista: al menos por la manera en la cual se condujo la reforma, su coste financiero, y finalmente la impresiĂłn que la reforma no llegara verdaderamente a alcanzar sus objetivos. Este artĂculo explica el alcance de la reforma y las diferentes crĂticas que cabe realizar a la misma.The recent reform of the General Court of the European Union by the 2015 regulation / 2422 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2015 is worthy of special attention. It is likely to be criticized from various points of view: at least for the way in which led reform, financial cost, and finally the impression that reform did not come truly to achieve their goals. This article explains the scope of reform and various criticisms that can be performed to it
Marianne Noble, Rethinking Sympathy and Human Contact in Nineteenth-Century American Literature: Hawthorne, Douglass, Stowe, Dickinson
The title of Marianne Nobleâs new book lays out unambiguously her bold ambition, which is no less than to ârethink sympathy and human contact.â After exploring The Masochistic Pleasures of Sentimental Literature in her first monograph (2000), she now offers to investigate the ways in which four writers from the 1850s and 1860s â Hawthorne, Douglass, Stowe, and Dickinson â revisited and revised their initial understanding of sympathy over the course of their careers. Her method consists in foc..
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