Alimentación infantil en el ámbito escolar: entre patios, aulas y comedores

As an interdisciplinary group of researchers, we carried out a diagnostic investigation to describe and analyze children's food consumption during recesses in public primary schools of the city of Buenos Aires. Eating during breaks is a widespread practice -without variation in magnitude among different geographic areas of the city- that is conditioned by certain features of school settings: the existence of snack stands within the school, the provision of structured meals, the existence of drinking fountains on the playgrounds and the distribution of fruits. Likewise, food consumption varies by gender, in close relationship to the activities and games that girls and boys carry out during the break. These activities are in turn conditioned by institutional norms and the physical spaces available. Through these characteristics of the school environment, a "hidden" education about food is developed that must be made visible and addressed in health promotion activities at the schools.Desde un equipo interdisciplinario, hemos realizado una investigación diagnóstica con el objetivo de describir y analizar los consumos alimentarios de niños y niñas durante los recreos escolares, en escuelas primarias de gestión estatal de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Los consumos alimentarios informales resultaron ser un fenómeno extendido -sin diferencias en la magnitud de acuerdo a la zona de la ciudad-, condicionado por ciertas características del entorno escolar: la existencia de kiosco, la oferta de comidas estructuradas, la presencia de bebederos funcionando en los patios o la oferta de frutas. Asimismo, estos consumos alimentarios varían de acuerdo al género, en estrecha relación con el tipo de actividades y juegos que niños y niñas llevan adelante durante los recreos. Estas actividades, a su vez, resultan condicionadas por las normas institucionales y los espacios físicos disponibles. A través de estas particularidades del entorno escolar, se realiza una educación alimentaria "oculta", que es necesario visibilizar y abordar en las acciones de promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar

Dry eye disease severity and impact on quality of life in type II diabetes mellitus

AimTo assess the severity of dry eye disease (DED) in humans, its impact on quality of life (QoL) and to grade the damage incurred by the anterior ocular surface in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Patients and methodsForty-six patients (mean age ± SD = 63.8 ± 6.7 years) diagnosed with T2DM were enrolled in the experimental group and 26 healthy individuals constituted the control group (67.9 ± 8.9 years). The diagnosis and gradation of DED were conducted in accordance with the International Task Force severity grading scheme. Disease-specific questionnaires were used to obtain the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and assess the negative effects of the disease on the patient’s QoL. The severity of conjunctival redness and corneal/conjunctival staining was assessed by Efron and Oxford scales, respectively.ResultsAccording to OSDI scores, the entire experimental group presented symptoms of DED: 54.4% were diagnosed with mild DED and 46.6% with moderately severe DED. No cases of severe DED were diagnosed in either the experimental or control group. In the control group, 57.7% of individuals did not have the disease. A significant difference between the experimental and control groups was recorded for both OSDI scores (p  < 0.01) and health-related QoL (p < 0.01). It was observed that keratopathy influenced the mean OSDI values of patients. The mean OSDI value was 25.14 ± 3 in the experimental group diagnosed with keratopathy, 19.3 ± 3.5 in the subgroup with no indications of corneal injury (p = 0.000002), and 13.0 ± 3.0 in the control group (p  <  0.000002). Based on the DEWS scheme, a grade I severity level was observed in 46% of control subjects and 33% of patients diagnosed with T2DM (p = 0.4915); grades II and III were detected in the bulk of the experimental group (p = 0.0051; p = 0.1707). None of the subjects in the control or experimental groups manifested grade IV severity of DED.ConclusionIn comparison to healthy adults, DED adversely impacts the QoL of type 2 DM patients, regardless of the disease’s association with keratopathy

Structural and vascular changes of the choroid in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy after intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy

Introduction: To identify the changes in vessel density (VD) of choriocapillaris (CC) and in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and to evaluate their correlation with functional response after three monthly intravitreal injections of Ranibizumab (loading phase) in patients affected by Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV). Methods: A total of 30 eyes of 30 PCV patients and 30 eyes of 30 healthy subjects as control group were enrolled in this prospective study. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured at baseline and after one month from third intravitreal injections in each patient. The VD of CC was evaluated in macular area by means of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA). Central macular thickness (CMT) and SFCT were analyzed by Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI)-OCT. Results: The VD of CC showed statistically lower values in PCV patients at baseline respect to after loading phase (LP) and normal eyes (p<0.001). CMT and SFCT revealed a statistically significant reduction after LP (p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the reduced SFCT, CMT at baseline and the improvement of BCVA after LP (p<0.05). Conclusion: The close relationship between the thinner SFCT and better visual outcome after LP reveals the role of the EDI-OCT assessment of choroid as predictive biomarker of functional response to anti-VEGF therapy. This tool could provide a quantitative evaluation of structural features of choroid avoiding mistakes of evaluation at OCTA

Congenital Optic Disc Anomalies: Insights from Multimodal Imaging

In this comprehensive review, we delve into the significance of multimodal imaging in diagnosing and managing complications of congenital optic disc anomalies. While the fundus examination is the gold standard tool in the diagnosis of these pathologies, spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) could shed light on the pathogenesis and treatment. Moreover, this review seeks to offer a comprehensive insight into the multimodal approach of these rare congenital pathologies. In conclusion, congenital anomalies of the optic nerve represent a major challenge for ophthalmologists. Further research could be useful to clarify the pathophysiology of these diseases and define a correct and more specific treatment approach

Alimentación infantil en el ámbito escolar: entre patios, aulas y comedores

As an interdisciplinary group of researchers, we carried out a diagnostic investigation to describe and analyze children's food consumption during recesses in public primary schools of the city of Buenos Aires. Eating during breaks is a widespread practice -without variation in magnitude among different geographic areas of the city- that is conditioned by certain features of school settings: the existence of snack stands within the school, the provision of structured meals, the existence of drinking fountains on the playgrounds and the distribution of fruits. Likewise, food consumption varies by gender, in close relationship to the activities and games that girls and boys carry out during the break. These activities are in turn conditioned by institutional norms and the physical spaces available. Through these characteristics of the school environment, a "hidden" education about food is developed that must be made visible and addressed in health promotion activities at the schools.Desde un equipo interdisciplinario, hemos realizado una investigación diagnóstica con el objetivo de describir y analizar los consumos alimentarios de niños y niñas durante los recreos escolares, en escuelas primarias de gestión estatal de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Los consumos alimentarios informales resultaron ser un fenómeno extendido -sin diferencias en la magnitud de acuerdo a la zona de la ciudad-, condicionado por ciertas características del entorno escolar: la existencia de kiosco, la oferta de comidas estructuradas, la presencia de bebederos funcionando en los patios o la oferta de frutas. Asimismo, estos consumos alimentarios varían de acuerdo al género, en estrecha relación con el tipo de actividades y juegos que niños y niñas llevan adelante durante los recreos. Estas actividades, a su vez, resultan condicionadas por las normas institucionales y los espacios físicos disponibles. A través de estas particularidades del entorno escolar, se realiza una educación alimentaria "oculta", que es necesario visibilizar y abordar en las acciones de promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar

Anterior segment-optical coherence tomography and diabetic retinopathy: Could it be an early biomarker?

Introduction: To measure the corneal thickness (CT), corneal epithelial thickness (CET), and corneal stromal thickness (CST) in patients affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus with good glycemic control and without any signs of diabetic retinopathy using anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Methods: 60 eyes of 30 diabetic patients and 60 normal eyes of 30 healthy subjects underwent AS-OCT, evaluation of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tear film breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer I test and fundus examination. The CT, CET, and CST maps generated corresponded to a 6-mm diameter area of the cornea that was divided into 17 sectors. We compared the CT, CET, and the CST of each sector obtained in the diabetic group with those obtained in the control group. Results: No significant difference in terms of age, gender, BCVA, IOP, TBUT, and Schirmer I test between the two study groups was observed. The CT, CET, and CST in the central section were significantly thickened in diabetic patients than in controls (p<0.001). Also, each paracentral and midperipheral sector was significantly increased in patients compared to controls (p<0.05). Conclusions: The evaluation of the CT, CET, and CST by AS-OCT could be a valid and non-invasive biomarker in patients effected by diabetes mellitus, useful in early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy

A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma of a proliferating trichilemmal tumour

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) includes several subtypes and these can be classified according to their clinical behaviours from the least invasive to the most aggressive. Moreover, it is appropriate to analyse their clinicalpathological patterns 1. In light of its wide histopathological variability, we encountered a rare malignant cutaneous lesion: a SCC of a proliferating trichilemmal tumour (PTT) nature

The first agmatine/cadaverine aminopropyl transferase: biochemical and structural characterization of an enzyme involved in polyamine biosynthesis in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus

We report here the characterization of the first agmatine/cadaverine aminopropyl transferase (ACAPT), the enzyme responsible for polyamine biosynthesis from an archaeon. The gene PF0127 encoding ACAPT in the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity. P. furiosus ACAPT is a homodimer of 65 kDa. The broad substrate specificity of the enzyme toward the amine acceptors is unique, as agmatine, 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine, and sym-nor-spermidine all serve as substrates. While maximal catalytic activity was observed with cadaverine, agmatine was the preferred substrate on the basis of the kcat/Km value. P. furiosus ACAPT is thermoactive and thermostable with an apparent melting temperature of 108°C that increases to 112°C in the presence of cadaverine. Limited proteolysis indicated that the only proteolytic cleavage site is localized in the C-terminal region and that the C-terminal peptide is not necessary for the integrity of the active site. The crystal structure of the enzyme determined to 1.8-Å resolution confirmed its dimeric nature and provided insight into the proteolytic analyses as well as into mechanisms of thermal stability. Analysis of the polyamine content of P. furiosus showed that spermidine, cadaverine, and sym-nor-spermidine are the major components, with small amounts of sym-nor-spermine and N-(3-aminopropyl)cadaverine (APC). This is the first report in Archaea of an unusual polyamine APC that is proposed to play a role in stress adaptation