Análise da extração de água pelo sistema radicular de três cultivares de plátanos.

A bananeira é uma planta que demonstra um consumo elevado e contínuo de água, devido à morfologia e à hidratação de seus tecidos (1). Esse elemento faz parte da constituição da planta, podendo representar cerca de 87,5% de seu peso total (2)

Distribuição e extração de água no sistema radicular da bananeira cv. prata anã sob diferentes densidades de plantas.

Na produção agrícola, sendo ela em sequeiro ou irrigada, a água é um insumo fundamental, responsável, principalmente, pelo crescimento e desenvolvimento da lavoura. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o perfil de distribuição de água no solo e a extração de água no sistema radicular da bananeira, cv. Prata Anã, para duas lâminas de irrigação e duas densidades de plantas. A cultura foi plantada em fileiras simples no espaçamento de 2,0 m x 2,5 m, irrigada por microaspersão, vazão 60 L h-1. Os tratamentos representaram duas lâminas de irrigação (L1 = 60% evapotranspiração da cultura ? ETc, e L2 = 100% ETc) e duas densidades de plantas (2.000 e 4.000 plantas por hectare). Para monitoramento da umidade do solo foi utilizado a Reflectometria no Domínio do Tempo (TDR), com sondas instaladas num plano do perfil do solo, entre a planta e o microaspersor. Os perfis sob aplicação de 100% da ETc se demonstraram com ampla distribuição da umidade, ultrapassando a profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular. A extração de água no sistema radicular se concentrou na camada de 0,10 ? 0,30 m, sendo superior a 78% até a profundidade de 0,70 m. Com a lâmina de 60% da ETc houve maior intensidade de extração próximo do microaspersor, enquanto que, em 100% da ETc, as extrações foram mais difundidas no perfil, prevalecendo maior extração de água com a densidade de 4.000 plantas por hectares. 100% da Etc promoveu maior extração de água no sistema radicular, principalmente na presença de duas plantas produtivas por touceira

Dynamic blockage of drippers as a function of the application of super simple phosphate and nítric acid in localized irrigation

O superfosfato simples (SS) é uma alternativa aos adubos fosfatados que são utilizados via fertirrigação, como o ácido fosfórico, que provoca acidificação do bulbo úmido no solo, e o monofosfato de amônio purificado, que apresenta maior preço. No entanto, não se conhece o efeito de tal adubo no funcionamento de emissores, principalmente nos gotejadores, nem se é possível controlar o entupimento por SS por meio de aplicações de ácido. Assim, desenvolveu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a possibilidade da utilização do superfosfato simples via gotejamento, como alternativa ao uso de outros adubos fosfatados, e a tentativa de controle do entupimento utilizando ácido nítrico. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em bancada de ensaios de gotejadores, localizada no Laboratório de Hidráulica da ESALQ/USP. Foram aplicadas doses de 50; 75 e 100% da solubilidade do superfosfato simples (SS), em 26 tubogotejadores de diferentes marcas comerciais, e ao fim de 360 horas de irrigação, foi aplicado ácido nítrico com pH 2, na tentativa de desentupir os gotejadores mais sensíveis. Diante dos resultados, foi possível inferir que o uso do superfosfato simples pode ser feito via fertirrigação, e o ácido nítrico, aplicado segundo esta metodologia, não proporcionou a desobstrução dos emissores.The super simple phosphate (SS) is an alternative to the phosphorous fertilizers which are used through fertigation, as the phosphoric acid, which triggers acidification of the wetted volume in the soil, and the monophosfato of purified ammonium, that has a higher price. However, the effect of such fertilizer in the emitters function, mainly in the drippers, is not known neither if it is possible to control the blockage for SS through acid applications. Thus, this study was developed in order to evaluate the possibility of the use of super simple phosphate trough drip irrigation, as an alternative to the use of other phosphorous fertilizers, and the attempt of controlling the blockage with nitric acid. The work was carried out in bench of drippers rehearsals, located at the Hydraulic laboratory in ESALQ-USP. Doses of 50; 75 and 100% of the super simple phosphate (SS) were applied in 26 emitter tubes with different commercial marks, and after 360 hours the nitric acid with a pH of 2 was applied, in the attempt of clearing the most sensitive drippers to the blockage. With the results it was possible to infer that: the use of super simple phosphate can be done by fertigation without causing damages to the system and the nitric acid, applied according to this methodology, did not provide the clearance of the emitters

Relevance of additive and non-additive genetic relatedness for genomic prediction in rice population under recurrent selection breeding

In genomic recurrent selection programs of self-pollinated crops, additive genetic effects (breeding values) are effectively relevant for selection of superior progenies as new parents. However, considering additive and nonadditive genetic effects can improve the prediction of genome-enhanced breeding values (GEBV) of progenies, for quantitative traits. In this study, we assessed the magnitude of additive and nonadditive genetic variances for eight key traits in a rice population under recurrent selection, using marker-based relationship matrices. We then assessed the goodness-to-fit, bias, stability and accuracy of prediction for breeding values and total (additive plus nonadditive) genetic values, in five genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) models, ignoring or not nonadditive genetic effects. The models were compared using 6174 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers from 174 S1:3 progenies evaluated in field yield trial. We found dominance effects accounting for a substantial proportion of the total genetic variance for the key traits in rice, especially for days to flowering. In average of the traits, the component of variance additive, dominance, and epistatic contributed to about 34%, 14% and 9% for phenotypic variance. Additive genomic models, ignoring nonadditive genetic effects, showed better fit to the data and lower bias, in addition to greater stability and accuracy for predict GEBV of progenies. These results improve our understanding of the genetic architecture of the key traits in rice, evaluated in early-generation testing. Clearly, this study highlighted the advantages of additive models using genome-wide information, for genomic prediction applied to recurrent selection in a self-pollinated crop

Habilidade de sistema radicular de genótipos de citros em penetrar camada de impedimento físico artificial.

A resistência à penetração do sistema radicular é citada como a causa maior das quedas de produção de citros nos Tabuleiros Costeiros. Objetivo - Nesse aspecto o presente trabalho avaliou a capacidade do sistema radicular de citros em superar impedimentos físicos artificialmente simulados

Effects of Horizontal and Incline Bench Press on Neuromuscular Adaptations in Untrained Young Men

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 859-872, 2020. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of horizontal and incline bench press as well as the combination of both exercises on neuromuscular adaptation in untrained young men. Forty-seven untrained men were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: 1) a horizontal bench press group (n= 15), 2) an incline bench press group (n= 15), and 3) a combination (horizontal + incline) group (n= 17). Training was conducted once a week for eight weeks, with equalized number of sets among groups. Muscle thickness, isometric strength and electromyography (EMG) amplitude of the pectoralis major were measured one week before and after the training period. There was no difference between groups for the change in horizontal bench press isometric strength (~ 10 kg increase, p=0.776) or incline bench press isometric strength (~ 11 kg increase, p=0.333). Changes in muscle thickness differed only in one of the three sites. The changes in the second intercostal space of the pectoralis major was greatest in the incline pressure group compared with the horizontal [mean difference (95% CI) of 0.62 (0.23, 1.0) cm, p=0.003] and combination groups [mean difference (95% CI) of 0.50 (0.14, 0.86) cm, p=0.008]. The change in EMG amplitude following training differed between groups in only one out of the four sites. The present results indicate that strength and conditioning professionals might consider that horizontal and incline bench press exercises, or a combination of both exercises can render similar change in general strength

Transcriptome analysis in cotton Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis) and RNA interference in insect pests.

Cotton plants are subjected to the attack of several insect pests. In Brazil, the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, is the most important cotton pest. The use of insecticidal proteins and gene silencing by interference RNA (RNAi) as techniques for insect control are promising strategies, which has been applied in the last few years. For this insect, there are not much available molecular information on databases. Using 454-pyrosequencing methodology, the transcriptome of all developmental stages of the insect pest, A. grandis, was analyzed. The A. grandis transcriptome analysis resulted in more than 500.000 reads and a data set of high quality 20,841 contigs. After sequence assembly and annotation, around 10,600 contigs had at least one BLAST hit against NCBI non-redundant protein database and 65.7% was similar to Tribolium castaneum sequences. A comparison of A. grandis, Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori protein families’ data showed higher similarity to dipteran than to lepidopteran sequences. Several contigs of genes encoding proteins involved in RNAi mechanism were found. PAZ Domains sequences extracted from the transcriptome showed high similarity and conservation for the most important functional and structural motifs when compared to PAZ Domains from 5 species. Two SID-like contigs were phylogenetically analyzed and grouped with T. castaneum SID-like proteins. No RdRP gene was found. A contig matching chitin synthase 1 was mined from the transcriptome. dsRNA microinjection of a chitin synthase gene to A. grandis female adults resulted in normal oviposition of unviable eggs and malformed alive larvae that were unable to develop in artificial diet. This is the first study that characterizes the transcriptome of the coleopteran, A. grandis. A new and representative transcriptome database for this insect pest is now available. All data support the state of the art of RNAi mechanism in insects

Exploiting cell cycle inhibitor genes of the KRP family to control root-knot nematode induced feeding sites in plants.

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