Are stunted young Indonesian children more likely to be overweight, thin, or have high blood pressure in adolescence?

Objectives To determine whether stunted young children are at greater risk of (1) overweight/obesity or thinness, and (2) high blood pressure (HBP) in adolescence. Methods A secondary data analysis using the Indonesian Family Life Survey waves 1 (1993) to 4 (2007). We generated a 14-year follow-up cohort (1993–2007) and two 7-year cohorts (1993–2000 and 2000–2007) of children aged 2.0–4.9 years. Stunting (HAZ +1) were determined based upon the WHO Child Growth Standards. HBP ([90th percentile) was interpreted using the 4th Report on the Diagnosis of HBP in Children and Adolescents. Results 765, 1083, and 1589 children were included in the 14-year cohort, and the two 7-year cohort analyses, respectively. In the 7-year cohorts, early life stunting was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (prevalence ratio 0.32 and 0.38, respectively; P < 0.05), but no significant association was found with the 14-year cohort. There was no significant association between childhood stunting and thinness at adolescence or in the odds/likelihood of having high systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions We found no association between early life stunting and overweight/obesity, thinness and HBP in adolescence

Strain Selection for Generation of O-Antigen-Based Glycoconjugate Vaccines against Invasive Nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i> Disease

<div><p>Nontyphoidal <i>Salmonellae</i>, principally <i>S</i>. Typhimurium and <i>S</i>. Enteritidis, are a major cause of invasive bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa with no vaccine currently available. Conjugation of lipopolysaccharide O-antigen to a carrier protein constitutes a promising vaccination strategy. Here we describe a rational process to select the most appropriate isolates of <i>Salmonella</i> as source of O-antigen for developing a bivalent glycoconjugate vaccine. We screened a library of 30 <i>S</i>. Typhimurium and 21 <i>S</i>. Enteritidis in order to identify the most suitable strains for large scale O-antigen production and generation of conjugate vaccines. Initial screening was based on growth characteristics, safety profile of the isolates, O-antigen production, and O-antigen characteristics in terms of molecular size, O-acetylation and glucosylation level and position, as determined by phenol sulfuric assay, NMR, HPLC-SEC and HPAEC-PAD. Three animal isolates for each serovar were identified and used to synthesize candidate glycoconjugate vaccines, using CRM₁₉₇ as carrier protein. The immunogenicity of these conjugates and the functional activity of the induced antibodies was investigated by ELISA, serum bactericidal assay and flow cytometry. <i>S</i>. Typhimurium O-antigen showed high structural diversity, including O-acetylation of rhamnose in a Malawian invasive strain generating a specific immunodominant epitope. <i>S</i>. Typhimurium conjugates provoked an anti-O-antigen response primarily against the O:5 determinant. O-antigen from <i>S</i>. Enteritidis was structurally more homogeneous than from <i>S</i>. Typhimurium, and no idiosyncratic antibody responses were detected for the <i>S</i>. Enteritidis conjugates. Of the three initially selected isolates, two <i>S</i>. Typhimurium (1418 and 2189) and two <i>S</i>. Enteritidis (502 and 618) strains generated glycoconjugates able to induce high specific antibody levels with high breadth of serovar-specific strain coverage, and were selected for use in vaccine production. The strain selection approach described is potentially applicable to the development of glycoconjugate vaccines against other bacterial pathogens.</p></div

Microbial study of household hygiene conditions and associated Listeria monocytogenes infection risks for Peruvian women

Objectives To develop an exposure and risk assessment model to estimate listeriosis infection risks for Peruvian women. Methods A simulation model was developed utilising Listeria monocytogenes concentrations on kitchen and latrine surfaces in Peruvian homes, hand trace data from Peruvian women and behavioural data from literature. Scenarios involving varying proportions of uncontaminated, or 'clean', surfaces and non-porous surfaces were simulated. Infection risks were estimated for 4, 6 and 8 h of behaviours and interactions with surfaces. Results Although infection risks were estimated across scenarios for various time points (e.g. 4, 6, 8 h), overall mean estimated infection risks for all scenarios were >= 0.31. Infection risks increased as the proportions of clean surfaces decreased. Hand-to-general surface contacts accounted for the most cumulative change in L. monocytogenes concentration on hands. Conclusions In addition to gaining insights on how human behaviours affect exposure and infection risk, this model addressed uncertainties regarding the influence of household surface contamination levels. Understanding the influence of surface contamination in preventing pathogen transmission in households could help to develop intervention strategies to reduce L. monocytogenes infection and associated health risks.Clorox Company12 month embargo; published online: 7 May 2019This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]