3,071 research outputs found
The Relative Value of AER P&P Economic Education Papers
The CEE had been allocated one session in the AER Papers and Proceedings (P&P) since 1964. In 2008, the American Economic Association evaluated the allocation of AER Papers and Proceedings sessions to various AEA Committees. In response, the CEE was asked to prepare a one-page rationale for keeping that session. Their response (Committee on Economic Education, 2008) made several important defenses of the session, including that the quality of the papers published in these sessions must speak for itself. In this paper, we propose to evaluate the relative quality of AER P&P papers through citation analysis. Using the Social Science Citation Index, the citation counts of CEE AER P&P papers are compared to other papers included in the issue
Pyrrolo- and pyridomorphinans:Non-selective opioid antagonists and delta opioid agonists/mu opioid partial agonists
Opioid ligands have found use in a number of therapeutic areas, including for the treatment of pain and opiate addiction (using agonists) and alcohol addiction (using antagonists such as naltrexone and nalmefene). The reaction of imines, derived from the opioid ligands oxymorphone and naltrexone, with Michael acceptors leads to pyridomorphinans with structures similar to known pyrrolo- and indolomorphinans. One of the synthesized compounds, 5e, derived from oxymorphone had substantial agonist activity at delta opioid receptors but not at mu and/or kappa opioid receptors and in that sense profiled as a selective delta opioid receptor agonist. The pyridomorphinans derived from naltrexone and naloxone were all found to be non-selective potent antagonists and as such could have utility as treatments for alcohol abuse
Does Immigration Impact Institutions?
This paper empirically examines how immigration impacts a nation's policies and institutions and finds no evidence of negative and some evidence of positive impacts in institutional quality as a result of immigration
Alterations in the blood sugar and ketone levels caused by dosing acetate, propionate and butyrate into the rumen of the sheep
Solutions of acetate, propionate and butyrate, alone and in combinations, were
dosed into the rumen of sheep and the effects on blood sugar and ketones determined.
Acetate was found to cause a slight and delayed rise in ketone bodies without
affecting the blood sugar.
Propionate caused a marked rise in blood sugar and bad a strong antiketogenic
effect when given with butyrate.
Butyrate produced a sharp rise in ketones, mainly beta-hydroxybutyric acid,
together with a fall in blood sugar. The latter effect, however, was not constant.
The intravenous injection of beta-hydroxybutyric acid appeared to reduce
the blood sugar level.
Aceto-acetic acid injected intravenously was partially converted to betahydroxybutyric
acid.
These results are discussed in relation to the more recent literature.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 300dpi.
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format
Running biomechanics: shorter heels, better economy
Better running economy (i.e. a lower rate of energy consumption at a given speed) is correlated with superior distance running performance. There is substantial variation in running economy, even among elite runners. This variation might be due to variation in the storage and reutilization of elastic energy in tendons. Using a simple musculoskeletal model, it was predicted that the amount of energy stored in a tendon during a given movement depends more critically on moment arm than on mechanical properties of the tendon, with the amount of stored energy increasing as the moment arm gets smaller. Assuming a link between elastic energy reutilization and overall metabolic cost of running, a smaller moment arm should therefore be associated with superior running economy. This prediction was confirmed experimentally in a group of 15 highly trained runners. The moment arm of the Achilles tendon was determined from standardized photographs of the ankle, using the position of anatomical landmarks. Running economy was measured as the rate of metabolic energy consumption during level treadmill running at a speed of 16 km
Extensive local adaptation within the chemosensory system following Drosophila melanogaster's global expansion.
How organisms adapt to new environments is of fundamental biological interest, but poorly understood at the genetic level. Chemosensory systems provide attractive models to address this problem, because they lie between external environmental signals and internal physiological responses. To investigate how selection has shaped the well-characterized chemosensory system of Drosophila melanogaster, we have analysed genome-wide data from five diverse populations. By couching population genomic analyses of chemosensory protein families within parallel analyses of other large families, we demonstrate that chemosensory proteins are not outliers for adaptive divergence between species. However, chemosensory families often display the strongest genome-wide signals of recent selection within D. melanogaster. We show that recent adaptation has operated almost exclusively on standing variation, and that patterns of adaptive mutations predict diverse effects on protein function. Finally, we provide evidence that chemosensory proteins have experienced relaxed constraint, and argue that this has been important for their rapid adaptation over short timescales
Physician diagnosed arthritis, reported arthritis and radiological non-axial osteoarthritis
SummaryObjectiveTo determine the question that best predicts radiographic evidence of non-axial osteoarthritis (OA).DesignThe Melbourne Women's Mid-life Health Project (MWMHP), commenced in 1991, is a population-based prospective study of 438 Australian-born. Two hundred and fifty-seven (57%) women remained in longitudinal assessment in 2002 and 224 (87%) women agreed to undergo X-rays of their hands and knees between 2002 and 2003.MethodsAnnually participants were asked about aches and stiff joints and arthritis or rheumatism. In the eleventh year of follow-up X-rays were scored for evidence of OA using a validated scale, by two investigators who were blinded to questionnaire results. Information on hormone therapy use, physical activity, mood, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and age were obtained by both self-administered and face-to-face questionnaires.ResultsPatient reported physician diagnosed arthritis was the best predictor of radiological OA (ROA). The question had a specificity of 64%, a positive predictive value of 57% and a negative predictive value of 71%. Even the most reliable question about arthritis still had a relatively low specificity for radiologically diagnosed OA. Reporting symptoms were significantly more common in participants who were depressed, those who had a higher negative affect and those with a higher BMI.ConclusionIn large epidemiological studies where questionnaire assessment of OA is required, the greatest accuracy is achieved by asking about physician diagnosed arthritis. Concurrent application of a validated scale for mood is important
Domsiekte or pregnancy disease in sheep. III
(1) It has been confirmed that a sudden and drastic reduction in diet
of fat ewes in the fourth month of pregnancy causes typical domsiekte or
pregnancy disease. The condition was evinced clinically, chemically and
pathologically.
(2) Similar treatment of fat, non-pregnant ewes caused the same changes
in blood chemistry as seen in pregnancy disease in some, and post-mortem
findings typical of the disease in others. No clinical symptoms were observed
in non-pregnant ewes.
(3) In the non-pregnant group no correlation could be found between
chemical changes, post-mortem findings and clinical symptoms.
(4) The non-pregnant ewes survived for a very much longer period than
the pregnant ewes.
(5) A hitherto undescribed pathological finding, namely hypertrophy of
the retico-endothelial system of the lymph nodes is recorded.
(6) Indications are given that the use of alkaline dosing has no effect
on the formation of acetonaemia.
(7) Treatment by means of rapidly active purgatives and sugars is
indicated.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 300dpi.
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format
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