The Effects of Class Size on Student Achievement in Higher Education: Applying an Earnings Function

This paper uses an earnings function to model how class size affects the grade students earn. We test the model using an ordinal logit with and without fixed effects on 363,023 undergraduate observations. We find that class size negatively affects grades. Average grade point declines as class size increases, precipitously up to class sizes of ten, and more gradually but monotonically through class sizes of 400 plus. The probability of getting a B plus or better declines from 0.9 for class sizes 20 to about 0.5 for class sizes of 120 and almost 0.4 for class sizes of 400

Arti Dan Penggunaan Pola “ ~Koto Ni Suru” Dan “ ~Koto Ni Naru”dalam Kalimat Bahasa Jepang 日本語文における「～ことにする」および「～ことになる」の意味使用

、日本語文法(にほんごぶんぽう)に関する研究(けんきゅう)が多(おお)くなったが、日本語文法(にほんごぶんぽう)「～ことにする」および「～ことになる」の研究(けんきゅう)はまだあまりなされていないようである。その、日本語(にほんご)学習者(がくしゅうしゃ)にとって、この文型(ぶんけい)「～ことにする」および「～ことになる」は結構難(けっこうむずか)しいそうだ。そこで、本稿(ほんこう)はこの「～ことにする」および「～ことになる」の使(つか)い分(わ)け、同じところに関(かん)して明(あき)らかにすることを目的とする。 本橋(もとはし)は「～ことにする　および　～ことになる」のの、使いけについてを研究するはのりである。まず、「～ことにする　および　～ことになる」のをめて、それからつけたをしてくことにし、にく。、つけたデーターはのに基づいてする。 分析(ぶんせき)の、のをつけた。まず、「～ことにする」が、についての決定、などを表すまた、「～ことにしている」はらかの決定にもとついてやりめとなっているという意味をす。「～ことになる」はのについて何らかののやがなされたり、あるになることを表す。「～ことになっている」は、でりめ、や、、のようなものにいたるまで、をするさまざまな取りめをす。。「～ことになる」が、が、したのかがはっきりしているのに比べ、この「～ことになる」はそれがではなく、に、なんとなく、ひとりでに、そういう、になる。というようないをえる。 最後(さいご)はこの研究のがになりとも役立てばとっている。 __________________________________________________________________

Jenis Tanda Dalam Iklan Parfum (Sebuah Analisis Semiotik)

This research aims to identify and classify the kinds of sign and to analyze the connotation meaning that can be found on perfume advertisements. This research uses Pierce\u27s theory based on its\u27 object which are icon, index and symbol and in interpreting the meaning uses the theory of semantic which is connotation meaning. The advertisement pictures are randomly collected through magazines and then searching along with internet on certain official website. The method of this research is descriptive method. Every perfume advertisement picture that had been selected is identified and classified into three kinds of sign which are icon, index and symbol and then analyzed the connotation meaning contained on the perfume advertisements. The result of this research shows that there are three kinds of sign that are found in perfume advertisements consisting of 20 icons, 27 indexes and 5 symbols and also every perfume advertisement has various meanings according to the wishes, background of knowledge and new convention that exist in a society

Dimensi Kekuasaan dalam Ekonomi

Political economy approach to place the state as a formal institution that rests on the concept of values, shared interests, and power, actively participates in economic activities. The state is managing the resources of power, and power relations within the state will determine the relations and economic distribution. Dimension of state-owned power used to perform three functions in the economy, namely economic activity regulation, income redistribution, and procurement of commodity goods and public services both tangible or intangible. State and non-state economic actors affect each other, with the state power system determine patterns of economic activity, while the economy determine the redistribution of power and wealth

Strategi Peningkatan Pencahayaan Alami pada Ruang Minim Bukaan Samping melalui Perangkat Pencahayaan Atas

Hunian padat penduduk di pinggir kota, cenderung memiliki orientasi bangunan horizontal (bangunan landed). Hunian landed dikawasan padat penduduk, memiliki bukaan berupa jendela dengan dimensi yang terbatas, sehingga menyebabkan minimnya penerimaan pencahayaan matahari melalui jendela (side lighting). Untuk itu diperlukan upaya lainnya untuk meningkatkan pencahayaan alami pada ruang yang tidak memiliki jendela, yaitu melalui pencahayaan atas (top lighting). Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat berkontribusi secara jangka panjang yaitu berupa strategi dalam upaya mengurangi konsumsi energi baik untuk bangunan baru maupun untuk retrofit bangunan. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada strategi pencahayaan alami pada teknologi pencahayaan atas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kinerja berbagai tipe pencahayaan atas (clerestory, skylight,dan roof monitor) dalam mengoptimalkan pencahayaan alami pada ruang dengan pencahayaan samping terbatas. Pada ruang tidur, tingkat pencahayaan terbaik dihasilkan oleh model dengan skylight tipe 2 yaitu bukaan cahaya pada bagian atas ruang sebesar 5% dari luas ruang dan diletakkan pada bagian pinggir dari ruang. Pada ruang dapur, tingkat pencahayaan terbaik dihasilkan oleh model dengan skylight tipe 1 yaitu bukaan cahaya pada bagian atas ruang sebesar 5% dari luas ruang dan diletakkan pada bagian tengah dari ruang

Influence of Alcohol on Time-Based Prospective Memory and Electrophysiological Measures in College-Aged Individuals

College students have higher rates of alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) than that of same-aged non-college students, with an estimated 31% of U.S. college students meeting the diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse (Borsari et al., 2007; Knight et al., 2002). College age is also a critical period for brain development, including regions responsible for the development of prospective memory (PM), making the brains of college students vulnerable to the effects of alcohol. This study investigated the influence of alcohol on the underlying brain activity associated with PM in light- and heavy-alcohol-drinking college students. PM was measured with the Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST), which assesses both time- and event-related PM. The physiological measure was administered via computer and electroencephalography (EEG) in a time-based PM paradigm. Levels of alcohol use were measured with the Alcohol and Drug Use Survey. Participants were divided into three alcohol consumption categories – nondrinkers, light drinkers, and heavy drinkers. We found a relationship between these alcohol use classifications and PM, such that participants who were classified as light drinkers were less likely to perform well in comparison to that of non- and heavy drinkers. Participants’ ability to recall the retrospective memory (RM) tasks suggested that the PM items were successfully encoded even though they may not have been carried out, and we did not observe a relationship between alcohol use classifications and RM