Int J Mol Sci

The role of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vascular biology has first been highlighted in embryos by Pepicelli et al. in 1998 and Rowitch et al. in 1999. Since then, the proangiogenic role of the Hh ligands has been confirmed in adults, especially under pathologic conditions. More recently, the Hh signaling has been proposed to improve vascular integrity especially at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the role of the Hh signaling in vascular biology remain poorly understood and conflicting results have been reported. As a matter of fact, in several settings, it is currently not clear whether Hh ligands promote vessel integrity and quiescence or destabilize vessels to promote angiogenesis. The present review relates the current knowledge regarding the role of the Hh signaling in vasculature development, maturation and maintenance, discusses the underlying proposed mechanisms and highlights controversial data which may serve as a guideline for future research. Most importantly, fully understanding such mechanisms is critical for the development of safe and efficient therapies to target the Hh signaling in both cancer and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases

Front Physiol

Glioblastoma is among the most common tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Overall survival has not significantly improved over the last decade, even with optimizing standard therapeutic care including extent of resection and radio- and chemotherapy. In this article, we review features of the brain vasculature found in healthy cerebral tissue and in glioblastoma. Brain vessels are of various sizes and composed of several vascular cell types. Non-vascular cells such as astrocytes or microglia also interact with the vasculature and play important roles. We also discuss engineered artificial blood vessels which may represent useful models for better understanding the tumor-vessel interaction. Finally, we summarize results from clinical trials with anti-angiogenic therapy alone or in combination, and discuss the value of these approaches for targeting glioblastoma

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol

Evidences accumulated within the past decades identified hedgehog signaling as a new regulator of endothelium integrity. More specifically, we recently identified Dhh (desert hedgehog) as a downstream effector of Klf2 (Kruppel-like factor 2) in endothelial cells (ECs). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether hedgehog coreceptors Gas1 (growth arrest-specific 1) and Cdon (cell adhesion molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes) may be used as therapeutic targets to modulate Dhh signaling in ECs. Approach and Results: We demonstrated that both Gas1 and Cdon are expressed in adult ECs and relied on either siRNAs- or EC-specific conditional knockout mice to investigate their role. We found that Gas1 deficiency mainly phenocopies Dhh deficiency especially by inducing VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) overexpression while Cdon deficiency has opposite effects by promoting endothelial junction integrity. At a molecular level, Cdon prevents Dhh binding to Ptch1 (patched-1) and thus acts as a decoy receptor for Dhh, while Gas1 promotes Dhh binding to Smo (smoothened) and as a result potentiates Dhh effects. Since Cdon is upregulated in ECs treated by inflammatory cytokines, including TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α and Il (interleukin)-1β, we then tested whether Cdon inhibition would promote endothelium integrity in acute inflammatory conditions and found that both fibrinogen and IgG extravasation were decreased in association with an increased Cdh5 (cadherin-5) expression in the brain cortex of EC-specific Cdon knockout mice administered locally with Il-1β. Altogether, these results demonstrate that Gas1 is a positive regulator of Dhh in ECs while Cdon is a negative regulator. Interestingly, Cdon blocking molecules may then be used to promote endothelium integrity, at least in inflammatory conditions

PLoS Biol

Inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) induces endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening as well as the formation of a tight junction barrier between reactive astrocytes at the Glia Limitans. We hypothesized that the CNS parenchyma may acquire protection from the reactive astrocytic Glia Limitans not only during neuroinflammation but also when BBB integrity is compromised in the resting state. Previous studies found that astrocyte-derived Sonic hedgehog (SHH) stabilizes the BBB during CNS inflammatory disease, while endothelial-derived desert hedgehog (DHH) is expressed at the BBB under resting conditions. Here, we investigated the effects of endothelial Dhh on the integrity of the BBB and Glia Limitans. We first characterized DHH expression within endothelial cells at the BBB, then demonstrated that DHH is down-regulated during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Using a mouse model in which endothelial Dhh is inducibly deleted, we found that endothelial Dhh both opens the BBB via the modulation of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) transcriptional activity and induces a tight junctional barrier at the Glia Limitans. We confirmed the relevance of this glial barrier system in human multiple sclerosis active lesions. These results provide evidence for the novel concept of "chronic neuroinflammatory tolerance" in which BBB opening in the resting state is sufficient to stimulate a protective barrier at the Glia Limitans that limits the severity of subsequent neuroinflammatory disease. In summary, genetic disruption of the BBB generates endothelial signals that drive the formation under resting conditions of a secondary barrier at the Glia Limitans with protective effects against subsequent CNS inflammation. The concept of a reciprocally regulated CNS double barrier system has implications for treatment strategies in both the acute and chronic phases of multiple sclerosis pathophysiology

The Transcriptional Activator Krüppel-like Factor-6 Is Required for CNS Myelination

Growth factors of the gp130 family promote oligodendrocyte differentiation, and viability, and myelination, but their mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. Here, we show that these effects are coordinated, in part, by the transcriptional activator Krüppel-like factor-6 (Klf6). Klf6 is rapidly induced in oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLP) by gp130 factors, and promotes differentiation. Conversely, in mice with lineage-selective Klf6 inactivation, OLP undergo maturation arrest followed by apoptosis, and CNS myelination fails. Overlapping transcriptional and chromatin occupancy analyses place Klf6 at the nexus of a novel gp130-Klf-importin axis, which promotes differentiation and viability in part via control of nuclear trafficking. Klf6 acts as a gp130-sensitive transactivator of the nuclear import factor importin-α5 (Impα5), and interfering with this mechanism interrupts step-wise differentiation. Underscoring the significance of this axis in vivo, mice with conditional inactivation of gp130 signaling display defective Klf6 and Impα5 expression, OLP maturation arrest and apoptosis, and failure of CNS myelination

Role of desert hedgehog in post-ischemic angiogenesis and in maintaining endoneurial vascular network in adult

Le diabète est une maladie grave et très fréquente. Elle est responsable de complications macrovasculaires dont l’artérite des membres inférieurs et microvasculaires dont les neuropathies périphériques. Desert hedgehog (Dhh) est l’un des trois membres de la famille hedgehog (Hh); cette protéine est notamment exprimée par les nerfs périphériques dont elle permet l’organisation structurale. Les membres de la famille Hh sont en outre impliqués dans la régulation de la physiologie des vaisseaux sanguins. Du fait de la diminution de l’expression de Dhh dans des conditions pathologiques comme le diabète, l’objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre le rôle de cette protéine dans la physiopathologie des complications vasculaires associées au diabète. Nous avons montré d’une part que le défaut de Dhh altère la survie des nerfs en condition ischémique et ainsi entraîne un défaut de production par le nerf des facteurs pro-angiogéniques nécessaire à la réparation musculaire. D’autre part nous avons mis en évidence que le défaut d’expression de Dhh dans le nerf diabétique est responsable de la perte de l’intégrité de la barrière nerf-vaisseau et en conséquence de la neuropathie diabétique. Dhh apparait donc comme un nouvel acteur important du cross-talk nerf-vaisseau. La compréhension de sa fonction et de sa signalisation en font un candidat intéressant pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques (thérapie génique Dhh, agonistes de la voie Hh) dans le traitement des complications du diabète.Diabetes is a serious and frequent illness. It is responsible for macrovascular complications such as peripheral arterial disease and microvascular complications such as peripheral neuropathy. Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) is one of the three hedgehog (Hh) family members; this protein is expressed by Schwann cells of peripheral nerves and is necessary to orchestrate the organisation of nerve sheaths (i.e. Epi-, Peri-, and Endoneurium) by signaling to perineurial cells. Moreover, the Hh family members are also known to regulate blood vessel physiology. Because we found that Dhh is downregulated in pathological conditions such as diabetes, the purpose of this PhD thesis is to understand the contribution of Dhh in diabetes-associated vascular complications. We have shown that Dhh deficiency impairs peripheral nerve survival in the ischemic muscle and, by doing so, decreases the pool of nerve-derived proangiogenic factors. Then we have found that Dhh knockdown in peripheral nerves is responsible for blood nerve barrier breakdown and consequently diabetic neuropathy. Dhh appears as a new actor that plays a crucial role in nerve-vessel cross-talk. The understanding of Dhh function and signaling makes it an interesting candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies (gene therapy, Hh agonists) in the setting of diabetic complications

Role of desert hedgehog in post-ischemic angiogenesis and in maintaining endoneurial vascular network in adult

Le diabète est une maladie grave et très fréquente. Elle est responsable de complications macrovasculaires dont l’artérite des membres inférieurs et microvasculaires dont les neuropathies périphériques. Desert hedgehog (Dhh) est l’un des trois membres de la famille hedgehog (Hh); cette protéine est notamment exprimée par les nerfs périphériques dont elle permet l’organisation structurale. Les membres de la famille Hh sont en outre impliqués dans la régulation de la physiologie des vaisseaux sanguins. Du fait de la diminution de l’expression de Dhh dans des conditions pathologiques comme le diabète, l’objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre le rôle de cette protéine dans la physiopathologie des complications vasculaires associées au diabète. Nous avons montré d’une part que le défaut de Dhh altère la survie des nerfs en condition ischémique et ainsi entraîne un défaut de production par le nerf des facteurs pro-angiogéniques nécessaire à la réparation musculaire. D’autre part nous avons mis en évidence que le défaut d’expression de Dhh dans le nerf diabétique est responsable de la perte de l’intégrité de la barrière nerf-vaisseau et en conséquence de la neuropathie diabétique. Dhh apparait donc comme un nouvel acteur important du cross-talk nerf-vaisseau. La compréhension de sa fonction et de sa signalisation en font un candidat intéressant pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques (thérapie génique Dhh, agonistes de la voie Hh) dans le traitement des complications du diabète.Diabetes is a serious and frequent illness. It is responsible for macrovascular complications such as peripheral arterial disease and microvascular complications such as peripheral neuropathy. Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) is one of the three hedgehog (Hh) family members; this protein is expressed by Schwann cells of peripheral nerves and is necessary to orchestrate the organisation of nerve sheaths (i.e. Epi-, Peri-, and Endoneurium) by signaling to perineurial cells. Moreover, the Hh family members are also known to regulate blood vessel physiology. Because we found that Dhh is downregulated in pathological conditions such as diabetes, the purpose of this PhD thesis is to understand the contribution of Dhh in diabetes-associated vascular complications. We have shown that Dhh deficiency impairs peripheral nerve survival in the ischemic muscle and, by doing so, decreases the pool of nerve-derived proangiogenic factors. Then we have found that Dhh knockdown in peripheral nerves is responsible for blood nerve barrier breakdown and consequently diabetic neuropathy. Dhh appears as a new actor that plays a crucial role in nerve-vessel cross-talk. The understanding of Dhh function and signaling makes it an interesting candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies (gene therapy, Hh agonists) in the setting of diabetic complications

table 1 list of transcripts of which expression was significantly different between MOG35-55 EAE-sensitized Dll4ACKOP mice and littermate controls.xlsx

List of transcripts of which expression was significantly different between MOG35-55 EAE-sensitized Dll4ACKOP mice and littermate controls</p

Role de desert hedgehog dans l'angiogenese post-ischemique et le maintien de l'integrite du reseau vasculaire endoneural chez l'adulte

Le diabète est une maladie grave et très fréquente. Elle est responsable de complications macrovasculaires dont l artérite des membres inférieurs et microvasculaires dont les neuropathies périphériques. Desert hedgehog (Dhh) est l un des trois membres de la famille hedgehog (Hh); cette protéine est notamment exprimée par les nerfs périphériques dont elle permet l organisation structurale. Les membres de la famille Hh sont en outre impliqués dans la régulation de la physiologie des vaisseaux sanguins. Du fait de la diminution de l expression de Dhh dans des conditions pathologiques comme le diabète, l objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre le rôle de cette protéine dans la physiopathologie des complications vasculaires associées au diabète. Nous avons montré d une part que le défaut de Dhh altère la survie des nerfs en condition ischémique et ainsi entraîne un défaut de production par le nerf des facteurs pro-angiogéniques nécessaire à la réparation musculaire. D autre part nous avons mis en évidence que le défaut d expression de Dhh dans le nerf diabétique est responsable de la perte de l intégrité de la barrière nerf-vaisseau et en conséquence de la neuropathie diabétique. Dhh apparait donc comme un nouvel acteur important du cross-talk nerf-vaisseau. La compréhension de sa fonction et de sa signalisation en font un candidat intéressant pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques (thérapie génique Dhh, agonistes de la voie Hh) dans le traitement des complications du diabète.Diabetes is a serious and frequent illness. It is responsible for macrovascular complications such as peripheral arterial disease and microvascular complications such as peripheral neuropathy. Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) is one of the three hedgehog (Hh) family members; this protein is expressed by Schwann cells of peripheral nerves and is necessary to orchestrate the organisation of nerve sheaths (i.e. Epi-, Peri-, and Endoneurium) by signaling to perineurial cells. Moreover, the Hh family members are also known to regulate blood vessel physiology. Because we found that Dhh is downregulated in pathological conditions such as diabetes, the purpose of this PhD thesis is to understand the contribution of Dhh in diabetes-associated vascular complications. We have shown that Dhh deficiency impairs peripheral nerve survival in the ischemic muscle and, by doing so, decreases the pool of nerve-derived proangiogenic factors. Then we have found that Dhh knockdown in peripheral nerves is responsible for blood nerve barrier breakdown and consequently diabetic neuropathy. Dhh appears as a new actor that plays a crucial role in nerve-vessel cross-talk. The understanding of Dhh function and signaling makes it an interesting candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies (gene therapy, Hh agonists) in the setting of diabetic complications.BORDEAUX2-Bib. électronique (335229905) / SudocBORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Rôle de Desert Hedgehog dans l'organisation du reseau vasculaire du nerf sciatique (implication dans la neuropathie diabétique)

BORDEAUX2-BU Santé (330632101) / SudocSudocFranceF