Token Bucket Algorithm with Modernization Techniques to Avoid Congestion in DEC Protocol of Wsn

A wireless sensor system is an essential aspect in many fields. It consists of a great deal of sensor nodes. These sensor networks carry out a number of tasks, including interaction, distribution, recognition, and power supply. Data is transmitted from source to destination and plays an important role. Congestion may occur during data transmission from one node to another and also at cluster head locations. Congestion will arise as a result of either traffic division or resource allocation. Energy will be wasted due to traffic division congestion, which causes packet loss and retransmission of removed packets. As a result, it must be simplified; hence there are a few Wireless sensor networks with various protocols that will handle Congestion Control. The Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering (DEC) protocol, which is fully based on residual energy and the token bucket method, is being investigated as a way to increase the energy efficiency. In the event of congestion, our proposal provides a way to cope with it and solves it using this method to improve lifespan of the sensor networks. Experiments in simulation show that the proposed strategy can significantly enhance lifetime, energy, throughput, and packet loss

Congestion Detection and Mitigation Technique for Multi-Hop Communication in WSN

The primary function of a network system is to gather information from the observation region and transmit it to the base station. The network life span and congestion are the two major concerns in wireless networks. To enhance the lifespan of the sensor system; multi-hopping has been proved as best in class. Congestion is an important factor to be taken, where multiple nodes forward data to one another in the process of communication. Hence to overcome the issue of congestion in WSN, we proposed a congestion detection and mitigation method along with the multi-hop concept. In this technique, we have considered different routes among communication units that were classified on distance, relative attainment rate (RAR) and node storage occupancy. A utility function (U) has been proposed and calculated using the above illustrated factors for every node that acts as a neighbour to the transmitting node. Neighbour node with highest U-valued will be considered as the packet forwarding node's next hop. In this manner congestion free nodes are selected for data transmission

Radar Reflectivity of Micro Rain Radar (MRR2) At 16.44180N, 80.620E of India

To improve accurate standards of Radar Reflectivity Z, Rainfall Rates RR, and even to monitor small size precipitation particles Z-R relation is derived in this work with the help of Micro Rain Radar. Formerly, taking rain/precipitation data from ground-based rain gauges (Cylindrical, Optical, Weighing, Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges, Disdrometers, etc.,) currently, in this work using METEK MRR (Micro Rain Radar) of Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave System which reads the vertical structure of precipitation particles and hence named as vertical profile radar which operates at 24.2 GHz and height up to 6000m/6kms with an increment step size of 200m respectively to monitor the frozen hydrometeors. It is installed at (16.440 N, 80.620 E) K L University, 29 meters above the sea level (ASL) in CARE LAB. To know the Radar Reflectivity of precipitation, it is observing the amount of power received to the radar receiver after hitting the precipitation particles with respect to the transmitted power of the radar. This proposed work considered distinctive rain conditions at different heights ASL ranging from 200m 1200m 2200m, and derived Z-R relations respectively

Radar Reflectivity of Micro Rain Radar (MRR2) At 16.44180N, 80.620E of India

To improve accurate standards of Radar Reflectivity Z, Rainfall Rates RR, and even to monitor small size precipitation particles Z-R relation is derived in this work with the help of Micro Rain Radar. Formerly, taking rain/precipitation data from ground-based rain gauges (Cylindrical, Optical, Weighing, Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges, Disdrometers, etc.,) currently, in this work using METEK MRR (Micro Rain Radar) of Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave System which reads the vertical structure of precipitation particles and hence named as vertical profile radar which operates at 24.2 GHz and height up to 6000m/6kms with an increment step size of 200m respectively to monitor the frozen hydrometeors. It is installed at (16.440 N, 80.620 E) K L University, 29 meters above the sea level (ASL) in CARE LAB. To know the Radar Reflectivity of precipitation, it is observing the amount of power received to the radar receiver after hitting the precipitation particles with respect to the transmitted power of the radar. This proposed work considered distinctive rain conditions at different heights ASL ranging from 200m 1200m 2200m, and derived Z-R relations respectively

Lucas Algorithm for Medical Images Encryption and Transmission using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Medical Health Information Systems and its VLSI Realization

Security of medical images is critical for transmission of medical images and relevant patient information through public health information systems networks. Image encryption is an important tool for protecting Medical images by converting them into unrecognisable formats for the transmission and receiption of medical images.  This paper proposes an algorithm for medical image encryption using Lucas Algorithm, and a discrete wavelet transform based transmission and reception technique, which is known as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM). This paper presents an implementation of Lucas Algorithm for image encryption and combines it with Discrete wavelet transform orthogonal frequency division multiplexing using Field Programmable Gate Array

A Framework for Collaborative and Distributed Web-Based Design

The increasing complexity and geographical separation of design data, tools and teams has created a need for a collaborative and distributed design environment. In this paper we present a framework that enables collaborative and distributed Web-based CAD, in which the designers can collaborate on a design and e ciently utilize existing design tools on the Internet. The framework includes a Java-based hierarchical collaborative schematic/block editor with interfaces to distributed Web tools and cell libraries, infrastructure to store and manipulate design objects, and protocols for tool communication, message passing and collaboration.

A facile synthesis of 7:8 and 6:7-fused pyrano pyrido coumarins

87-89A simple and highly efficient method for 7:8/6:7-fused pyrano pyrido coumarins <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">2a-e from 8/6-formyl-7-hydroxy coumarins  1a-e by modified Hantzsch synthesis has been developed.</span

A new synthesis of 1,4/1,5- dioxano-coumarins

470-472<span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">7,8-Dihydroxycoumarins 2a-c on reaction with epichlorohydrin in the presence of acetone-potassium carbonate medium give 1,4- and 1,5-dioxanocoumarins 3a-b, 4a-c and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">5a-c in a good yields.</span