A new catalogue of XCS sources in the DES-Y3 region and its application to test gravity models using galaxy cluster profiles

Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally collapsed structures in the Universe. X-ray observations of clusters provide information on dark matter and the structure formation in the Universe over cosmological time. This can be used to constrain cosmological parameters that are complementary to other cosmological probes. Taking advantage of the potential galaxy clusters have, in combination with the most recent astronomical surveys for cluster finding, allows us to produce leading constraints on cosmological models. The XCSDR2-DESY3 cluster catalogue, a subset of the XMM Cluster Survey (XCS) Data Release 2 within the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 footprint, constitutes approximately 722 optically-confirmed clusters. Most of these clusters have associated spectroscopic or photometric redshifts, reliable X-ray bolometric luminosities, and X-ray temperatures. The catalogue is split into samples for different research areas; e.g. high redshift clusters for galaxy evolution; clusters with spectroscopic redshifts for scaling relations and cosmology; and high temperature clusters for combined multi-wavelength studies. The aim of building this sample is to lay the groundwork for the next generation of wide-area and deep joint optical and X-ray galaxy cluster datasets. Since gravity has a central role in galaxy cluster formation, clusters act as astrophysical laboratories to test modified theories of gravity models in the outskirts of galaxy clusters. By comparing X-ray and weak lensing profiles, it is possible to put constrains on such models, particularly those which rely on screening mechanisms or those that postulate an emergent gravity in the outskirts of clusters to substitute dark matter. By combining detected X-ray clusters with weak lensing data from DES,we were able to place constraints on these type of models. The results are found to be consistent with general relativity,i.e. they do not require gravity to be modified, and are in the same level of confidence as previous studies

Short-run market access and the construction of better transportation infrastructure in Mexico

We calculate the short-run effect that the construction of the Durango-Mazatlán highway in late 2013 and the Mexico City-Tuxpan highway in early 2014 produced on welfare in every municipality and on market access in every location of Mexico. Our estimates suggest that the former highway produced benefits not only in the region where the new highway is located, but in vast areas in the north of the country. Analogous estimates show that the latter highway mostly benefited regions near Tuxpan, but these focalized benefits were larger than any of the benefits derived from the construction of the Durango-Mazatlán highway. The municipalities in the south of the country have net short-run losses from the infrastructure construction due to losses in competitiveness. Our model is consistent with the observed sectoral growth in Sinaloa, Durango, and Veracruz in 2014. Qualitatively, market access and welfare change in the same direction and magnitudes. We thus recommend using the market access approach for shortrun analysis of infrastructure, because it is much less computationally intensive

Appellation d’origine ou appellation générique: le cas du fromage Cotija au Mexique

Les effets positifs des appellations d’origine pour le développement territorial dans certaines régions européennes ont attiré l’attention de producteurs et de promoteurs du développement dans les pays du Sud. Ainsi, les producteurs de fromage Cotija au Mexique ont sollicité une appellation d’origine en 2004. Elle leur a été refusée, l’administration estimant que la dénomination Cotija constituait un terme générique. Au-delà du débat sur le caractère générique ou non d’une appellation, ce cas est très instructif sur les limites du cadre légal et institutionnel mexicain, plus de 30 ans après que la Tequila soit devenue la première appellation reconnue au Mexique. L’absence d’un objectif politique clair et explicite pour les appellations d’origine se traduit dans l’incertitude et la faiblesse des institutions mises en place. Ce contexte n’est pas favorable pour la reconnaissance d’appellations d’origine et remet donc en cause leur utilisation comme outil de développement territorial.Positive effects of designations of origin for territorial development in several European regions have attracted the attention of producers and promoters of development in developing countries. Thus, Cotija cheese producers in Mexico have requested a designation of origin in 2004. It was denied, the administration considering Cotija as a generic term. Beyond the debate on whether a name is generic or not, this case is very instructive about the limits of the Mexican legal and institutional framework, 30 years after Tequila became the first designation of origin recognized in Mexico. The lack of clear and explicit political objectives for designations of origin results in uncertainty and weak institutions. This context is not favorable for the development of designations of origin and its use as a tool for territorial development

Desigualdad Social una forma de vulnerar los Derechos Humanos

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar desde un punto de vista bioético la desigualdad que existe en México a causa de la pobreza y la vulnerabilidad que viven sus habitantes a causa de la falta de respeto a los derechos humanos, donde las protecciones sociales, establecidas como derechos sociales y gestionados por un sistema nacional de bienestar, se han debilitado como consecuencia de la introducción de la mercantilización en los servicios sociales a partir de la consolidación de la política económica neoliberal. Este hecho ha provocado una expansión de la desigualdad social, caracterizada por el empleo precario y los bajos ingresos, lo cual ha detenido la universalización de la política social, promoviendo programas de asistencia social para determinados grupos. Introducción: Los resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso y Gasto de los Hogares (ENIGH 2014), presentados el pasado 16 de julio por el Instituto Nacional de Geografía y Estadística (Inegi), dan cuenta de la persistencia de la desigualdad económica y social en el país, pero también de una nueva caída en el monto de los ingresos promedio de las personas y sus familias. Estamos ante un panorama que se hace cada vez más complejo, frente al cual el sistema institucional está reaccionando de manera casi siempre tardía e insuficiente. Tenemos prácticamente tres décadas de reproducción sistémica de la pobreza y desigualdad, sin ser capaces todavía de generar un proceso sostenido de crecimiento con equidad. Esta complejidad tiene distintas aristas que imponen agendas de urgente atención, pues de ello depende el poner en marcha un nuevo curso de desarrollo que considere como objetivo prioritario de todas las políticas públicas el cumplimiento universal e integral de los derechos humanos

Les limites de l'action collective dans deux bassins laitiers mexicains

SAD CT3This study focuses on coordination and collective action problems in two Mexican dairy basins contemplated from the viewpoint of the Localized Agrifood System approach. Beyond structural differences between these two cases, weakness of collective action and preponderance of individualistic and opportunistic behaviours constitute a common denominator. The analysis emphasizes that homogeneity among actors and geographical proximity are not sufficient to generate confidence and cooperation at the horizontal level. At the vertical level, competitiveness is almost exclusively based on costs, exacerbating competition and opportunism. To break the vicious cycle of mistrust and individualism, the reinforcement of relations among actors must be fostered on the basis of collective projects and shared aims.Cet article s'intéresse aux problèmes de coordination et d'action collective dans deux bassins laitiers mexicains, étudiés à partir de l'approche des Systèmes agroalimentaires localisés. Au-delà des différences structurelles entre ces deux cas, la faiblesse de l'action collective et la prépondérance de comportements individualistes et opportunistes constituent un dénominateur commun. L'analyse souligne que l'homogénéité des acteurs et la proximité géographique ne sont pas suffisantes pour générer confiance et coopération au niveau horizontal. Au niveau vertical, la compétitivité se base presque exclusivement sur les coûts, exacerbant la concurrence et l'opportunisme. Pour rompre le cercle vicieux de la méfiance et de l'individualisme, le renforcement des relations entre acteurs devrait se fonder sur des projets collectifs, des buts communs