Barriers to the development of palliative care in Western Europe

The Eurobarometer Survey of the <i>EAPC Task Force on the Development of Palliative Care in Europe</i> is part of a programme of work to produce comprehensive information on the provision of palliative care across Europe. Aim: To identify barriers to the development of palliative care in Western Europe. Method: A qualitative survey was undertaken amongst boards of national associations, eliciting opinions on opportunities for, and barriers to, palliative care development. By July 2006, 44/52 (85%) European countries had responded to the survey; we report here on the results from 22/25 (88%) countries in Western Europe. Analysis: Data from the Eurobarometer survey were analysed thematically by geographical region and by the degree of development of palliative care in each country. Results: From the data contained within the Eurobarometer, we identified six significant barriers to the development of palliative care in Western Europe: (i) Lack of palliative care education and training programmes (ii) Lack of awareness and recognition of palliative care (iii) Limited availability of/knowledge about opioid analgesics (iv) Limited funding (v) Lack of coordination amongst services (vi) Uneven palliative care coverage. Conclusion: Findings from the EAPC Eurobarometer survey suggest that barriers to the development of palliative care in Western Europe may differ substantially from each other in both their scope and context and that some may be considered to be of greater significance than others. A number of common barriers to the development of the discipline do exist and much work still remains to be done in the identified areas. This paper provides a road map of which barriers need to be addressed

SIMULACIÓN DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE SISTEMAS CATALÍTICOS Pt-Mo EN REACCIONES SIMULTÁNEAS DE HIDROGENACIÓN E HIDRODESULFURACIÓN, BASADA EN LA TEORÍA DEL CONTROL A DISTANCIA

RESUMEN Este trabajo muestra un método determinista que se basa en la teoría del control a distancia. Esta teoría ha sido propuesta para explicar los efectos de sinergia observados en reacciones de hidrodesulfurización (HDS) e hidrogenación (HID) sobre catalizadores sulfurados. Se plantea un modelo de la microcinética del sistema catalítico Pt-Mo teniendo en cuenta la información disponible sobre HID y HDS de estos catalizadores. Este modelo se inserta en los balances de materia de un reactor continuamente agitado (CSTR) para simular el estado estacionario, así como las tendencias dinámicas de la HDS y la HID de una carga compuesta por una mezcla de moléculas modelo, tiofeno y ciclohexeno. Las curvas de tendencia son cualitativamente comparadas con las observaciones experimentales. Los resultados de la simulación utilizando los modelos basados en la teoría del control a distancia indican que es posible predecir el efecto de sinergia observado cuando se utilizan catalizadores MoS2+PtS/γ-Al2O3 en estas reacciones. Palabras Claves: hidrotratamiento, higrógeno spillover, microcinética, MoS2+PtS/γ-Al2O3.    ABSTRACT This work shows a determinist method based in the remote control theory. This theory has been proposed to explain the synergy observed when sulfide catalysts are used in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrogenation (HYD) reactions. A microkinetics model of the Pt-Mo catalytic system based on the available information for these catalysts in HYD and HDS reactions is proposed. This model is inserted into the mass balance of a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and the steady state as well as dynamic tendencies of the HDS and HYD of thiophene, and cyclohexane is simulated. The tendency curves are qualitatively compared with experimental observations. Results of this simulation using models based on the remote control theory indicate that it is possible to predict the observed synergy effect when MoS2+PtS//γ-Al2O3 catalysts are used in these reactions. Keywords: hydrotreatment, spillover hydrogen, microkinetic, MoS2+PtS/γ-Al2O3

On the magnetic structure of the solar transition region

We examine the hypothesis that ``cool loops'' dominate emission from solar transition region plasma below temperatures of $2\times10^5$K. We compare published VAULT images of H L$\alpha$, a lower transition region line, with near-contemporaneous magnetograms from Kitt Peak, obtained during the second flight (VAULT-2) on 14 June 2002. The measured surface fields and potential extrapolations suggest that there are too few short loops, and that L$\alpha$ emission is associated with the base regions of longer, coronal loops. VAULT-2 data of network boundaries have an asymmetry on scales larger than supergranules, also indicating an association with long loops. We complement the Kitt Peak data with very sensitive vector polarimetric data from the Spectro-Polarimeter on board Hinode, to determine the influence of very small magnetic concentrations on our analysis. From these data two classes of behavior are found: within the cores of strong magnetic flux concentrations ($> 5\times10^{18}$ Mx) associated with active network and plage, small-scale mixed fields are absent and any short loops can connect just the peripheries of the flux to cell interiors. Core fields return to the surface via longer, most likely coronal, loops. In weaker concentrations, short loops can connect between concentrations and produce mixed fields within network boundaries as suggested by Dowdy and colleagues. The VAULT-2 data which we examined are associated with strong concentrations. We conclude that the cool loop model applies only to a small fraction of the VAULT-2 emission, but we cannot discount a significant role for cool loops in quieter regions. We suggest a physical picture for how network L$\alpha$ emission may occur through the cross-field diffusion of neutral atoms from chromospheric into coronal plasma.Comment: Accepted by ApJ, 9 May 200

SIMULACIÓN DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE SISTEMAS CATALÍTICOS Pt-Mo EN REACCIONES SIMULTÁNEAS DE HIDROGENACIÓN E HIDRODESULFURACIÓN, BASADA EN LA TEORÍA DEL CONTROL A DISTANCIA

RESUMEN Este trabajo muestra un método determinista que se basa en la teoría del control a distancia. Esta teoría ha sido propuesta para explicar los efectos de sinergia observados en reacciones de hidrodesulfurización (HDS) e hidrogenación (HID) sobre catalizadores sulfurados. Se plantea un modelo de la microcinética del sistema catalítico Pt-Mo teniendo en cuenta la información disponible sobre HID y HDS de estos catalizadores. Este modelo se inserta en los balances de materia de un reactor continuamente agitado (CSTR) para simular el estado estacionario, así como las tendencias dinámicas de la HDS y la HID de una carga compuesta por una mezcla de moléculas modelo, tiofeno y ciclohexeno. Las curvas de tendencia son cualitativamente comparadas con las observaciones experimentales. Los resultados de la simulación utilizando los modelos basados en la teoría del control a distancia indican que es posible predecir el efecto de sinergia observado cuando se utilizan catalizadores MoS2+PtS/γ-Al2O3 en estas reacciones. Palabras Claves: hidrotratamiento, higrógeno spillover, microcinética, MoS2+PtS/γ-Al2O3.    ABSTRACT This work shows a determinist method based in the remote control theory. This theory has been proposed to explain the synergy observed when sulfide catalysts are used in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrogenation (HYD) reactions. A microkinetics model of the Pt-Mo catalytic system based on the available information for these catalysts in HYD and HDS reactions is proposed. This model is inserted into the mass balance of a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and the steady state as well as dynamic tendencies of the HDS and HYD of thiophene, and cyclohexane is simulated. The tendency curves are qualitatively compared with experimental observations. Results of this simulation using models based on the remote control theory indicate that it is possible to predict the observed synergy effect when MoS2+PtS//γ-Al2O3 catalysts are used in these reactions. Keywords: hydrotreatment, spillover hydrogen, microkinetic, MoS2+PtS/γ-Al2O3

All-Dielectric Rod-Type Metamaterials at Optical Frequencies

Light propagation in all-dielectric rod-type metamaterials is studied theoretically. The electric and magnetic dipole moments of the rods are derived analytically in the long-wavelength limit. The effective permittivity and permeability of a square lattice of rods are calculated by homogenizing the corresponding array of dipoles. The role of dipole resonances in the optical properties of the rod array is interpreted. This structure is found to exhibit a true left-handed behavior, confirming previous experiments [L. Peng \textit{et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{98}, 157403 (2007)]. A scaling analysis shows that this effect holds at optical frequencies and can be obtained by using rods made, for example, of silicon.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures. The title has been shortened; Figs. 1, 2 and 3 have been modified; Eq. 4 has been corrected (sign error); A few sentences have been added/rewritte

Stability of graphene doping with MoO<inf>3</inf>and I<inf>2</inf>

We dope graphene by evaporation of MoO_3 or by solution-deposition of I_2 and assess the doping stability for its use as transparent electrodes. Electrical measurements show that both dopants increase the graphene sheet conductivity and find that MoO_3-doped graphene is significantly more stable during thermal cycling. Raman spectroscopy finds that neither dopant creates defects in the graphene lattice. In-situ photoemission determines the minimum necessary thickness of MoO_3 for full graphene doping.This is the author's accepted manuscript. Copyright (2014) American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Applied Physics Letters (volume 105) and may be found at http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/105/10/10.1063/1.489502

Manipulation of photon statistics of highly degenerate chaotic radiation

Highly degenerate chaotic radiation has a Gaussian density matrix and a large occupation number of modes $f$. If it is passed through a weakly transmitting barrier, its counting statistics is close to Poissonian. We show that a second identical barrier, in series with the first, drastically modifies the statistics. The variance of the photocount is increased above the mean by a factor $f$ times a numerical coefficient. The photocount distribution reaches a limiting form with a Gaussian body and highly asymmetric tails. These are general consequences of the combination of weak transmission and multiple scattering.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Features of spatial distribution of oscillations in faculae regions

We found that oscillations of LOS velocity in H-alpha are different for various parts of faculae regions. Power spectra show that the contribution of low-frequency modes (1.2 - 2 mHz) increase at the network boundaries. Three and five- minute periods dominate inside cells. The spectra of photosphere and chromosphere LOS velocity oscillations differ for most faculae. On the other hand, we detected several cases where propagating oscillations in faculae were manifest with a five-minute period. Their initiation point on spatial-temporal diagrams coincided with the local maximum of the longitudinal magnetic field.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Potential of red and white whole grain sorghum flour in gluten-free breadmaking: a study on consumer acceptability.

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