The Effects of Voluntary, Involuntary, and Forced Exercises on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Motor Function Recovery: A Rat Brain Ischemia Model

Author name used in this publication: Xiao-Xiang ZhengAuthor name used in this publication: Kai-Yu Tong2010-2011 > Academic research: refereed > Publication in refereed journalpublished_fina

Impact of Treadmill Running and Sex on Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Hippocampal neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of dentate gyrus (DG) occurs throughout life and is regulated by pathological and physiological processes. The role of oxidative stress in hippocampal neurogenesis and its response to exercise or neurodegenerative diseases remains controversial. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of oxidative stress, treadmill exercise and sex on hippocampal neurogenesis in a murine model of heightened oxidative stress (G93A mice). G93A and wild type (WT) mice were randomized to a treadmill running (EX) or a sedentary (SED) group for 1 or 4 wk. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeled proliferating cells, surviving cells, and their phenotype, as well as for determination of oxidative stress (3-NT; 8-OHdG). BDNF and IGF1 mRNA expression was assessed by in situ hybridization. Results showed that: (1) G93A-SED mice had greater hippocampal neurogenesis, BDNF mRNA, and 3-NT, as compared to WT-SED mice. (2) Treadmill running promoted hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF mRNA content and lowered DNA oxidative damage (8-OHdG) in WT mice. (3) Male G93A mice showed significantly higher cell proliferation but a lower level of survival vs. female G93A mice. We conclude that G93A mice show higher hippocampal neurogenesis, in association with higher BDNF expression, yet running did not further enhance these phenomena in G93A mice, probably due to a ‘ceiling effect’ of an already heightened basal levels of hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF expression

Kinesio Taping Associated with Acupuncture in the Treatment of the Paretic Upper Limb After Stroke

The leading cause of disability in adults, leads to different consequences, such as hemiparesis and loss of function in the upper limb which can impair the performance of activities of daily living. Different techniques, such as like acupuncture and Kinesio Taping (KT), have been used to ameliorate this condition. However, there is no consensus on their concomitant effect on neurological patients. This study aimed to analyze the effects of acupuncture associated with KT on the upper limb of patients with chronic hemiparesis after stroke. In this clinical study, 16 subjects were divided into two intervention groups: acupuncture (ACP)—12 sessions of acupuncture—and acupuncture + Kinesio Taping (ACP-KT)—12 sessions of acupuncture plus KT. The Modified Ashworth Scale (spasticity), active goniometry [range of motion (ROM)], and the Wolf Motor Function Test (speed of movement) were used to assess the function of the affected upper limb. As a main result, both groups reduced spasticity in some studied musculature and increased ROM (p < 0.05), without intergroup difference. Moreover, there was no significant improvement concerning speed of movement in either group. Acupuncture was effective in reducing spasticity and increasing ROM of paretic upper limb after stroke, but did not contribute significantly to speed and quality of movement. KT did not show significant benefits concerning the analyzed variables. Keywords: acupuncture, athletic tape, muscle spasticity, strok

Terapia Assistida por Animais como recurso fisioterapêutico para idosos institucionalizados

Aims: To evaluate the effects of Animal-assisted Therapy on the gait and balance of institutionalized elderly.Methods: This is a non-controlled before-after clinical trial. The study was conducted at “Lar da Velhice São Francisco de Assis,”, a nursing home located in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Elderly volunteers of both sexes were selected, and those with any musculoskeletal, neurological, or cognitive conditions that could interfere with the results were excluded. Three dogs that were properly trained by a professional trainer and met the specific criteria for animal-assisted therapy were used. The group performed 10 therapy sessions in four weeks. The following tests were used for assessing the gait and balance of the elderly participants: Berg Balance scale, Tinetti Balance test, Functional Reach test, and Six-Meter-Walk test. The tests were applied before and after animal-assisted therapy.Results: The study included nine subjects, aged 68 to 79 years. Regarding balance and postural control, individuals showed a significant improvement in post-treatment outcome when compared to pre-treatment, according to the Berg Balance scale (z=2.26 p=0.02) and Functional Reach test (z=2.2 p=0.02). In the gait assessment, the Tinetti test score averaged 7.9±2.8 before therapy and 9.2±1.6 after therapy (z=2.02 p=0.04). The Six-Meter-Walk test after therapy revealed a significant decrease in the time necessary to complete the six-meter course. The average time was 20.2±19 seconds prior to therapy and  9.2±7 seconds after therapy (z=2.47 p=0.01).Conclusions: Both assessed parameters showed significant improvement, suggesting important outcomes regarding gait and balance after the use of Animal-assisted Therapy in institutionalized elderly individuals.Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos da Terapia Assistida por Animais em relação à marcha e ao equilíbrio em idosos institucionalizados.Métodos: Este estudo caracteriza-se como um ensaio clínico não controlado, do tipo antes e depois. O estudo foi realizado na instituição Lar da Velhice São Francisco de Assis, localizado na cidade de Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram selecionados idosos voluntários, de ambos os sexos, sendo excluídos os que apresentassem alguma alteração osteomuscular, neurológica ou cognitiva que pudesse interferir nos resultados. Foram utilizados três cães, devidamente treinados por um profissional de adestramento e atendendo a critérios específicos para Terapia Assistida por Animais. O grupo realizou 10 sessões da terapia em quatro semanas. Para análise da marcha e equilíbrio dos idosos foram utilizados os seguintes testes: Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg, teste de Equilíbrio de Tinetti, teste de Alcance Funcional e teste de Caminhada de Seis Metros. Os testes foram aplicados antes e depois das sessões de Terapia Assistida por Animais.Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo nove idosos, com idades entre 68 e 79 anos. Em relação ao equilíbrio e controle postural os indivíduos apresentaram uma melhora significativa nos valores pós-tratamento quando comparados aos do pré-tratamento, pela Escala de Berg (z=2,26 p=0,02) e pelo teste de Alcance Funcional (z=2,2 p=0,02). Na avaliação dos aspectos da marcha, no teste de Tinetti a média do escore pré-terapia foi de 7,9±2,8 e pós-terapia 9,2±1,6 (z=2,02 p=0,04). O teste de Caminhada revelou uma significativa diminuição no tempo gasto para completar o percurso de seis metros após a terapia. A média do tempo antes da terapia foi de 20,2±19 segundos e após a terapia foi de 9,2±7 segundos (z=2,47 p=0,01) (z=2,47 p=0,01).Conclusões: Encontrou-se uma melhora significativa em ambos os parâmetros avaliados, sugerindo resultados relevantes após aplicação da Terapia Assistida por Animais em relação à marcha e ao equilíbrio de idosos institucionalizados.

Transparência do banco central: uma análise para o caso brasileiro

<abstract language="eng">Central Bank transparency: an analysis of the Brazilian case. Nowadays there is a tendency among central banks of increasing transparency in the conduction of the monetary policy. After the adoption of inflation targeting in Brazil there was an increase in the communication of the Central Bank of Brazil with the public. This paper makes a brief review of the recent theoretical and empirical literature concerning this subject. Furthermore, an analysis due to the transparency in the conduction of Brazilian monetary policy on important macroeconomic variables is made. The findings denote that an increase in transparency improves the behavior of several macroeconomic variables