ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE A PRESENÇA DE UM FATOR DE 38 kDa NO PLASMA SEMINAL E A INIBIÇÃO DA MOTILIDADE ESPERMÁTICA NO JUNDIÁ Rhamdia quelen

Fatores proteicos tem sido indentificados no plasma seminal de peixes e mamíferos e, em algumas situações, associados com indicadores de qualidade espermática. Entretanto, para o jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), tais fatores como aqueles com potenciais associações ainda não foram descritos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram de identificar alguns fatores proteicos presentes no plasma seminal do jundiá e avaliar suas associações com a motilidade espermática. Através de eletroforese do tipo SDS-PAGE foram identificadas 14 bandas proteicas com peso molecular entre 217.1 e 7.1 kDa.  A motilidade espermática foi avaliada em 21 machos. Quatro bandas proteicas (81.5; 60.4; 33.6 e 25.5 kDa) foram detectadas em todas as amostras de plasma seminal analisadas. Uma banda proteica com peso molecular de 38.3 kDa foi associada com a baixa motilidade espermática no jundiá (P< 0,01), uma vez que foi detectada em 91.4% das amostras com motilidade menor que 80%. Estes resultados sugerem que esta banda proteica seminal associada com a baixa motilidade espermática poderá ser considerada como um potencial marcador bioquímico de qualidade seminal. Palavras-chaveS: Motilidade espermática, plasma seminal, proteínas, Rhamdia quelen, SDS-PAGE

In situ hybridization in bovine sperm treated with exogenous DNA: an experimental study.

Muitas das técnicas utilizadas para gerar animais transgênicos são caras e laboriosas. Neste contexto, a transferência gênica mediada por espermatozóides (TGME) pode ser uma alternativa para a produção em larga escala de animais transgênicos. Estudos de SMGT têm seu foco no número de cópias de DNA incorporada pelo espermatozóide. Por isso, há pouca informação disponível sobre como as moléculas de DNA se comportam durante o processo de fecundação e quais os efeitos dos protocolos de TGME sobre a célula espermática. Neste sentido, com o objetivo de avaliar a existência de sitio de integração preferencial das moléculas exógenas de DNA no genoma hospedeiro, utilizamos a hibridização in situ para acompanhar a veiculação do transgene durante o processo de fecundação. Foram avaliadas as membranas acrossomais, plasmática e potencial de membrana mitocondrial de espermatozóides submetidos a TGME. Para isso, o sêmen de três diferentes touros foram submetidos ao gradiente de Percoll 45-90%. As células viáveis foram incubadas com o vetor recombinante pCX-EGFP (0, 250, 500 ou 1000ng/106 células) seguidas ou não de eletroporação (300v, 35µF e 0,25ms). Os espermatozóides tratados foram utilizados para a produção in vitro de embriões. Os embriões foram cultivados por sete dias até o estágio de blastocisto. Espermatozóides e embriões produzidos in vitro foram submetidos ao ensaio de hibridização in situ, com metodologia descrita Whyte et al. (2000). O potencial de membrana mitocondrial (PMM), integridade de membrana acrossomal (MA) e plasmática (MP) foram avaliados por citometria de fluxo (Guava Technologies, Hayward, CA, USA) utilizando as sondas fluorescentes JC1, FITC-PSA e PI (Molecular Probes), respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste paramétrico ANOVA (teste LSD) usando o programa estatístico SAS for Windows, com nível de significância de 5%. A hibridização in situ não foi possível em espermatozóides bovinos, pois não houve hibridação da sonda controle. Blastocistos oriundos de espermatozóides incubados com DNA exógeno apresentaram integração de forma difusa, embriões oriundos de espermatozóides eletroporados apresentaram integração pontual. As diferentes concentrações de DNA não exerceram efeitos deletérios nas MP ou PMM, a adição de 500ng de DNA causou aumento de lesão na MA (p<0,05). A eletroporação não afeta a MP e MA, mais apresenta grande efeito no PMM causando redução da função mitocondrial. Este estudo conclui que maiores esforços são necessários para elucidar o comportamento das moléculas exógenas de DNA durante o processo de fecundação e quais são os efeitos da TGME sobre a célula espermática.Most techniques used to produce transgenic animals are laborious and expensive. In this manner, sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT) may be a viable alternative for long-scale production of transgenic animals. Many SMGT studies have focused the DNA internalization and number of DNA copies incorporated by spermatozoa. However, limited data is available about how foreign DNA molecules behave during fertilization and the direct effects of the SMGT technique on sperm cells. Hence, in order to monitor the existence of preferential integration sites by the exogenous DNA at the host genome, in situ hybridization was used to track the transgene conveyance during in vitro fertilization. In addition, acrosome and plasmatic membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential of sperm cells subjected to SMGT were assessed. Briefly, thawed semen from three different bulls was submitted to a 45- 90% Percoll gradient. Viable cells were incubated with recombinant PCX-EGFP vector (0, 250, 500 or 1000ng/106 sperm cells) or incubated and electroporated (300V, 35µF and 0.25ms). Treated sperm cells were then used for in vitro production of embryos. Embryos were in vitro cultured for 7 days until blastocyst stage. Treated spermatozoa and in vitro produced blastocysts were submitted to in situ hybridization assay, as described by Whyte et al. (2000). The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), acrosomal membrane (AM) and plasmatic membrane (PM) integrity were assessed by flow cytometry (Guava Technologies, Hayward, CA, USA) using JC1, FITC-PSA and PI probes (Molecular Probes), respectively. Data were analyzed by parametric ANOVA (LSD test) using SAS for Windows software, at a 5% level. The transgene was not observed at the bovine spermatozoa because the control probe could not be hybridized. In situ hybridization revealed that blastocysts produced from incubated sperm cells had a diffuse foreign DNA integration while blastocysts produced from electroporated sperm cells had a punctual DNA integration. No deleterious effects of exogenous DNA concentrations on PM or MMP were observed. However, the addition of 500ng of exogenous DNA caused sperm AM injury (P<0.05). Electroporation did not affect PM or AM integrity, but it had a great effect on MMP, which may cause a reduction of mitochondrial function. This study suggest that more efforts are needed to elucidate the behavior of exogenous DNA during fertilization and the effects of SMGT in bovine sperm cells

In situ hybridization in bovine sperm treated with exogenous DNA: an experimental study.

Muitas das técnicas utilizadas para gerar animais transgênicos são caras e laboriosas. Neste contexto, a transferência gênica mediada por espermatozóides (TGME) pode ser uma alternativa para a produção em larga escala de animais transgênicos. Estudos de SMGT têm seu foco no número de cópias de DNA incorporada pelo espermatozóide. Por isso, há pouca informação disponível sobre como as moléculas de DNA se comportam durante o processo de fecundação e quais os efeitos dos protocolos de TGME sobre a célula espermática. Neste sentido, com o objetivo de avaliar a existência de sitio de integração preferencial das moléculas exógenas de DNA no genoma hospedeiro, utilizamos a hibridização in situ para acompanhar a veiculação do transgene durante o processo de fecundação. Foram avaliadas as membranas acrossomais, plasmática e potencial de membrana mitocondrial de espermatozóides submetidos a TGME. Para isso, o sêmen de três diferentes touros foram submetidos ao gradiente de Percoll 45-90%. As células viáveis foram incubadas com o vetor recombinante pCX-EGFP (0, 250, 500 ou 1000ng/106 células) seguidas ou não de eletroporação (300v, 35µF e 0,25ms). Os espermatozóides tratados foram utilizados para a produção in vitro de embriões. Os embriões foram cultivados por sete dias até o estágio de blastocisto. Espermatozóides e embriões produzidos in vitro foram submetidos ao ensaio de hibridização in situ, com metodologia descrita Whyte et al. (2000). O potencial de membrana mitocondrial (PMM), integridade de membrana acrossomal (MA) e plasmática (MP) foram avaliados por citometria de fluxo (Guava Technologies, Hayward, CA, USA) utilizando as sondas fluorescentes JC1, FITC-PSA e PI (Molecular Probes), respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste paramétrico ANOVA (teste LSD) usando o programa estatístico SAS for Windows, com nível de significância de 5%. A hibridização in situ não foi possível em espermatozóides bovinos, pois não houve hibridação da sonda controle. Blastocistos oriundos de espermatozóides incubados com DNA exógeno apresentaram integração de forma difusa, embriões oriundos de espermatozóides eletroporados apresentaram integração pontual. As diferentes concentrações de DNA não exerceram efeitos deletérios nas MP ou PMM, a adição de 500ng de DNA causou aumento de lesão na MA (p<0,05). A eletroporação não afeta a MP e MA, mais apresenta grande efeito no PMM causando redução da função mitocondrial. Este estudo conclui que maiores esforços são necessários para elucidar o comportamento das moléculas exógenas de DNA durante o processo de fecundação e quais são os efeitos da TGME sobre a célula espermática.Most techniques used to produce transgenic animals are laborious and expensive. In this manner, sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT) may be a viable alternative for long-scale production of transgenic animals. Many SMGT studies have focused the DNA internalization and number of DNA copies incorporated by spermatozoa. However, limited data is available about how foreign DNA molecules behave during fertilization and the direct effects of the SMGT technique on sperm cells. Hence, in order to monitor the existence of preferential integration sites by the exogenous DNA at the host genome, in situ hybridization was used to track the transgene conveyance during in vitro fertilization. In addition, acrosome and plasmatic membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential of sperm cells subjected to SMGT were assessed. Briefly, thawed semen from three different bulls was submitted to a 45- 90% Percoll gradient. Viable cells were incubated with recombinant PCX-EGFP vector (0, 250, 500 or 1000ng/106 sperm cells) or incubated and electroporated (300V, 35µF and 0.25ms). Treated sperm cells were then used for in vitro production of embryos. Embryos were in vitro cultured for 7 days until blastocyst stage. Treated spermatozoa and in vitro produced blastocysts were submitted to in situ hybridization assay, as described by Whyte et al. (2000). The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), acrosomal membrane (AM) and plasmatic membrane (PM) integrity were assessed by flow cytometry (Guava Technologies, Hayward, CA, USA) using JC1, FITC-PSA and PI probes (Molecular Probes), respectively. Data were analyzed by parametric ANOVA (LSD test) using SAS for Windows software, at a 5% level. The transgene was not observed at the bovine spermatozoa because the control probe could not be hybridized. In situ hybridization revealed that blastocysts produced from incubated sperm cells had a diffuse foreign DNA integration while blastocysts produced from electroporated sperm cells had a punctual DNA integration. No deleterious effects of exogenous DNA concentrations on PM or MMP were observed. However, the addition of 500ng of exogenous DNA caused sperm AM injury (P<0.05). Electroporation did not affect PM or AM integrity, but it had a great effect on MMP, which may cause a reduction of mitochondrial function. This study suggest that more efforts are needed to elucidate the behavior of exogenous DNA during fertilization and the effects of SMGT in bovine sperm cells

Testis-mediated gene transfer in mice : comparison of transfection reagents regarding transgene transmission and testicular damage

Testis-mediated gene transfer (TMGT) has been used as in vivo gene transfer technology to introduce foreign DNA directly into testes, allowing mass gene transfer to offspring via mating. In this study, we used plasmid DNA (pEGFP-N1) mixed with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) or liposome (Lipofectin) in an attempt to improve TMGT. Males receiving consecutive DNA complex injections were mated to normal females to obtain F0 progeny. In vivo evaluation of EGFP expression, RT-PCR and PCR were used to detect the expression and the presence of exogenous DNA in the progeny. We also evaluated possible testicular damage by histological procedures. PCR and RT-PCR analyses revealed that liposome and DMSO increased the rate of TMGT. Histological analyses demonstrated that repeated (4 times) injections of DNA complexes can affect spermatogenesis. DMSO was the most deleterious among the reagents tested. In this study, we detected the presence of transgene in the progeny, and its expression in blood cells. Consecutive injections of DNA complexes were associated with impaired spermatogenesis, suggesting requirement of optimal conditions for DNA delivery through TMGT

Testis-mediated gene transfer in mice : comparison of transfection reagents regarding transgene transmission and testicular damage

Testis-mediated gene transfer (TMGT) has been used as in vivo gene transfer technology to introduce foreign DNA directly into testes, allowing mass gene transfer to offspring via mating. In this study, we used plasmid DNA (pEGFP-N1) mixed with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) or liposome (Lipofectin) in an attempt to improve TMGT. Males receiving consecutive DNA complex injections were mated to normal females to obtain F0 progeny. In vivo evaluation of EGFP expression, RT-PCR and PCR were used to detect the expression and the presence of exogenous DNA in the progeny. We also evaluated possible testicular damage by histological procedures. PCR and RT-PCR analyses revealed that liposome and DMSO increased the rate of TMGT. Histological analyses demonstrated that repeated (4 times) injections of DNA complexes can affect spermatogenesis. DMSO was the most deleterious among the reagents tested. In this study, we detected the presence of transgene in the progeny, and its expression in blood cells. Consecutive injections of DNA complexes were associated with impaired spermatogenesis, suggesting requirement of optimal conditions for DNA delivery through TMGT

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE PRESENCE OF A 38 kDa FACTOR IN THE SEMINAL PLASMA AND INHIBITION OF SPERM MOTILITY IN JUNDIÁ FISH Rhamdia quelen

Protein factors have been identified in the seminal plasmaof fish and mammal species and, in some situations, associatedto sperm quality indicators. However, for jundiá fish (Rhamdiaquelen), such factors and those potential associations remainunknown. In the present study, we aimed to identify some proteinfactors present in the seminal plasma of jundiá fish and to evaluatetheir association to sperm motility. SDS-PAGE was used to identify14 bands, with molecular weight ranging from 217.1 to 7.1 kDa.Sperm motility was evaluated for 21 males. Four protein bands(81.5; 60.4; 33.6; and 25.5 kDa) were present in all seminal plasmasamples. One protein band with molecular weight of 38.3 kDa wasassociated to reduced sperm motility of jundiá (P<0.01), since itwas detected in 91.4% of the samples having motility lower than80%. These results suggest that this seminal protein band associatedto lower sperm motility may be considered a potential biochemicalmarker for sperm quality

Fator do plasma seminal associado à integridade de membrana de espermatozóides suínos pós-descongelamento

Neste estudo, identificaram-se polipeptídeos associados à integridade da membrana plasmática (IMP) de espermatozóides suínos após o processo de congelamento/descongelamento. Por meio do perfil protéico do plasma seminal em SDS-PAGE, observou-se a presença de nove bandas polipeptídicas com pesos moleculares que variaram de 11,97 a 122,52kDa. Detectou-se que uma banda de 26,58kDa esteve associada à baixa IMP (<55%). Não foi verificada associação entre as outras bandas e a IMP. Conclui-se que o fator polipeptídico de 26,58kDa está associado à baixa integridade da membrana plasmática do espermatozóide suíno após o congelamento/descongelamento

Cryopreservation of brazilian flounder (paralichthys orbignyanus) sperm

The Brazilian flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus, is being considered for aquaculture due to its high demand and market price. Reproduction and larviculture studies have demonstrated the feasibility of massive fingerling production, and techniques that prolong life and increase gamete viability can assist in the culture development of this species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of two different cryosolutions for cryopreservation of Brazilian flounder semen in order to improve broodstock management and consequently augment the potential for its culture.Two different cryosolutions were tested: a) glycerol–saline: glycerol solution (12% or 1.65 M) along a saline-based diluent (423 mM NaCl, 9 mM KCl, 9.25 mM CaCl2.2H2O, 22.92 mM MgCl2.6H2O, 25.5 mM MgSO4.7H2O and 2.15 mM NaHCO3; pH 8.2; osmolality 900 mOsmol/kg); and b) DMSO–sucrose: DMSO solution (10% or 1.40 M) along a sucrose-based diluent (110 mM Sucrose, 100 mM KHCO3 and 10 mM Tris-Cl; pH 8.2; osmolality 335 mOsmol/kg). Cryopreservation was made without equilibration time. First, 250 μl-straws were placed 6 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen for 10 min, then they were maintained for 5 min on the surface of liquid nitrogen (1 cm) before being plunged into liquid nitrogen. The quality of cryopreserved sperm was assessed through the percentage of sperm motility and viability, fertilization capacity, hatching and larval viability. Motility was estimated with an arbitrary scale, ranging from 0 to 5. Spermatozoa viability was determined using a LIVE/DEAD® sperm viability kit. Motility of fresh sperm (3.5±0.2) was similar to frozen/thawed sperm with DMSO-sucrose (2.5±0.3) (PN0.05). On the other hand, the motility of frozen/thawed sperm with glycerol-saline (1.3±0.4) was lower than the other two treatments (Pb0.05). No difference was found in the percentage of live spermatozoa post-thawed between DMSO–sucrose and glycerol–saline solutions (Pb0.05).However, fresh sperm had a higher percentage of live spermatozoa than post-thawed sperm with glycerol-saline (Pb0.05). Sperm motility was positively correlated with the percentage of live spermatozoa (Adjusted R2=0.61, n=13). No difference was found for fertilization and hatching rates and larvae viability among the three treatments (PN0.05). This is the first report on successful cryopreservation of Brazilian flounder sperm.This procedure should improve broodstock management techniques for this species and consequently augment the potential for its culture