The grammar of justification: the doctrines of Peter Martyr Vermigli and John Henry Newman and their ecumenical implications

This thesis analyzes the doctrines of justification in the Roman Catholic John Henry Newman (1801‐1890) and the Reformed Protestant Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499‐1562), examining their historical contexts and respective works. Recognition of their common concerns, common commitments, different commitments, and different conclusions provide insight into agreements and variences between Roman Catholics and Reformed Protestants in contemporary ecumenical dialogue. We conclude that many of the classic discrepencies between Roman Catholics and Reformed Protestants are not as irreconcilable as they may appear at first glance. We recognize, for example, a common commitment to union with Christ by the Holy Spirit, a union that imparts twofold righteousness by divine initiative. This righteousness grows in an internal habit of grace, producing virtue as it reaches toward holiness. Such works are a necessary part of justification, which pleases God and receives his favor in the form of rewards. Despite this convergence, however, some irreconcilable differences remain. Most fundamental is the question of justification’s formal cause, whether divine forgiveness is ultimately based upon an internal work of the Spirit or the forensic imputation of Christ’s righteousness. There is also the basic difference of how righteousness is appropriated, by means of faith alone through the sacrament of baptism. Finally, there is disagreement over perseverance of faith, whether Christians are eternally secure in their justification. In addition to advancing scholarship on several issues associated with Newman’s and Vermigli’s doctrines of justification and illuminating reasons and attendant circumstances for conversion across the Tiber, the overall conclusions of this study offer a broader range of soteriological possibilities to ecumenical dialogue among Roman Catholics and Protestants by clarifying the common ground to which both traditions may lay claim

Differential sensitivity of brainstem vs cortical astrocytes to changes in pH reveals functional regional specialization of astroglia

Astrocytes might function as brain interoceptors capable of detecting different (chemo)sensory modalities and transmitting sensory information to the relevant neural networks controlling vital functions. For example, astrocytes which reside near the ventral surface of the brainstem (central respiratory chemosensitive area) respond to physiological decreases in pH with vigorous elevations in intracellular Ca(2+) and release of ATP. ATP transmits astroglial excitation to the brainstem respiratory network and contributes to adaptive changes in lung ventilation. Here we show that in terms of pH-sensitivity ventral brainstem astrocytes are clearly distinct from astrocytes residing in the cerebral cortex. We monitored vesicular fusion in cultured rat brainstem astrocytes using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and found that approximately 35% of them respond to acidification with an increased rate of exocytosis of ATP-containing vesicular compartments. These fusion events require intracellular Ca(2+) signaling and are independent of autocrine ATP actions. In contrast, the rate of vesicular fusion in cultured cortical astrocytes is not affected by changes in pH. Compared to cortical astrocytes, ventral brainstem astrocytes display higher levels of expression of genes encoding proteins associated with ATP vesicular transport and fusion, including vesicle-associated membrane protein-3 and vesicular nucleotide transporter. These results suggest that astrocytes residing in different parts of the rat brain are functionally specialized. In contrast to cortical astrocytes, astrocytes of the brainstem chemosensitive area(s) possess signaling properties which are functionally relevant – they are able to sense changes in pH and respond to acidification with enhanced vesicular release of ATP

Screening and attraction of dust particles in plasmas.

The potential around a dust particle in a plasma is found using the collisional hydrodynamic equations of dusty plasmas, taking into account ion-dust and ion-neutral collisions and considering the plasma source proportional to the dust density. The linear screening is strongly influenced by the collisions and can substantially differ from Debye screening. Attraction of negatively charged dust particles can occur due to overscreening by the ion fluxes in the presence of friction forces

La direccionalidad del núcleo en la gramática de los bilingües inglés – portugués brasileño: la dicotomía sufijos flexivos – sufijos derivativos

IX Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas realizado nos dias 22 a 25 agosto 2016El portugués brasileño (PB) se considera una lengua de núcleo a la izquierda, como vemos en (1b) frente a (1c). Si bien Zwicky (1985) mantiene que la direccionalidad del núcleo es la misma en la morfología flexiva que en la derivativa, la relación entre la direccionalidad del núcleo y el afijo diminutivo no es tan clara como en el caso de la flexión. Al igual que la flexión de plural, (2b) inho tiene abarque sobre todo el compuesto y, por lo tanto, la representación de (2b) es la versión reducida de (2a). Sin embargo, cuando inho se une al modificador como en (2c), la interpretación no queda clara. (1a) uma mulher polvo (1b) duas mulherES polvo (1c) *duas mulher polvoS (2a) homem lobo (2b) homenzINHO lobo (2c) homem lobINHO En este estudio 30 hablantes de inglés L1 – PBL2 y 30 de PBL1 participaron en dos experimentos: una Tarea con Imágenes (TI) que mostraba compuestos NN con afijo diminutivo (inho/inha) y una tarea de Juicios de Aceptabilidad (TJA) con afijo diminutivo y afijo plural (s). Los resultados de la TI muestran que los hablantes de PBL1 no interpretan que inho en el modificador tenga abarque sobre todo el compuesto y los hablantes de PBL2 diferencian entre los casos en que inho se sitúa en el núcleo o en el modificador. Los resultados de la TJA revelan que, tanto para los hablantes de PBL1 como para los de PBL2, la aceptabilidad de los afijos flexivos y derivativos en el modificador es siempre significativamente más baja que la de esos afijos en el núcleo. Esto explica que la direccionalidad del núcleo para los afijos flexivos y para la derivación está mejor establecida en la gramática del PBL1 que en la gramática PBL2UNILA­-UNIOEST

Marketing Electronic Resources from the Academic Library Homepage

The purposes of this study were to see how ARL libraries promote electronic resources from their homepages and to determine if advertising e-resources from the Duke University Libraries homepage increases use and/or interest in the selected resources. A content analysis of ARL library homepages was done to see how many advertise electronic resources and what these ads look like. The research then took a local look at Duke University Libraries in North Carolina to measure effectiveness of their e-resource homepage advertisements. Click-through and usage data were collected on the advertisements and the resources. Results indicate that more than half of the ARL libraries advertise electronic resources from their homepages and that they present these ads in similar manners. Results from the data collected at Duke Libraries did not show a direct relationship between clicks and increased usage of the resources, but high click-through numbers on the ads indicate that user interest in these resources was apparent